{"id":12332,"date":"2025-02-27T12:33:57","date_gmt":"2025-02-27T11:33:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/?post_type=research-projects&#038;p=12332"},"modified":"2026-04-07T11:02:29","modified_gmt":"2026-04-07T09:02:29","slug":"research","status":"publish","type":"research-projects","link":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/research-projects\/protex\/research\/","title":{"rendered":"Research"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"section py-0 static\">\n<section class=\"py-0 wp-block-unilux-blocks-free-section section\"><div class=\"container xl:max-w-screen-xl\"><!-- SecondaryNavigationMirror --><div class=\"js-secondary-nav--sticky wp-block-unilux-blocks-secondary-navigation\" id=\"31b703ec-016c-46da-8141-0754eeaa1e23\">\n    <nav id=\"secondary-navigation\" role=\"navigation\" aria-label=\"Secondary menu\" class=\"secondary-nav\">\n        <button class=\"secondary-nav__button btn btn-solid--primary w-full\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"secondary-navigation__list\" title=\"The selected page is Research\" type=\"button\">\n            <span class=\"btn__name mr-auto\">Research<\/span>\n            <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--xs\">\n                <use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-down\" \/>\n            <\/svg>\n        <\/button>\n\n        <ul id=\"secondary-navigation__list\" class=\"secondary-nav__list\">\n            <li class=\"secondary-nav__item\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/research-projects\/protex\/\" target=\"\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" class=\"secondary-nav__link \">\n        <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--xs\">\n            <use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\" \/>\n        <\/svg>\n        <span class=\"secondary-nav__name\">Overview<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"secondary-nav__item\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/research-projects\/protex\/research\/\" target=\"\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" class=\"secondary-nav__link isactived\" aria-current=\"page\">\n        <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--xs\">\n            <use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\" \/>\n        <\/svg>\n        <span class=\"secondary-nav__name\">Research<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n<\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n    <\/nav>\n<\/div>\n<!-- end SecondaryNavigationMirror --><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-free-section section\"><div class=\"container xl:max-w-screen-xl\">\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-unilux-blocks-heading\"        id=\"research-objectives\"\n    >\n<strong>Research objectives<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The project\u2019s objective is to develop an evidence-based, interdisciplinary framework for defining and addressing exploitation. This will involve analysing legal definitions, evaluating sociological risk indicators, and examining real-world case studies to propose a more effective approach to worker protection and victim identification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The research aims to have a significant impact on practitioners, including law enforcement authorities, labour inspectors, and policymakers, both at national and European level. By providing a clearer operational definition of exploitation and updated risk indicators, the project will enhance the ability of these actors to identify and assist victims of exploitation offences and human trafficking. Additionally, it will contribute to the development of more effective legislative frameworks and enforcement strategies, ensuring that vulnerable workers receive adequate protection. Training materials and policy recommendations derived from the research will also support practitioners in applying the findings in real-world scenarios, leading to more consistent and just outcomes.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"py-0 wp-block-unilux-blocks-free-section section\"><div class=\"container xl:max-w-screen-xl\">\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-unilux-blocks-heading\"        id=\"the-legal-concept-of-exploitation-some-context\"\n    >\n<strong><strong>The legal concept of exploitation \u2013 Some context<\/strong><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The concept of exploitation is at the core of the division between criminalised and legitimate forms of work. Since the prohibition of slavery, national, European, and international norms have criminalised various forms of exploitation, such labour and sexual forms of exploitation. Furthermore, human trafficking refers to a process along coercive or deceptive means for the purpose of exploitation. Both trafficking and exploitation violate human rights of victims, and negatively affect economic and social development. Yet, no legal definition of exploitation is provided for by law or courts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As a result, judicial authorities fluctuate regarding the necessary evidence to ensure conviction for these offences. Generally, judges offer no clear indications on the elements to delineate between criminalised and legitimate conditions of work. A lack of common understanding of exploitation results in different justice being provided to victims. Depending on interpretations, some people might not be acknowledged as victims. Therefore, they will not benefit from State protection. Research has already shown stereotypical identification practices, excluding the protection of, for instance, trafficked men or sex workers. Therefore, protection against exploitation presupposes the correct identification of exploitative situations and a clear understanding of their indicators to ensure posterior conviction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, not only criminal law tackles exploitation. Labour law is meant to reduce power inequalities between employers and employees and assure minimal labour standards. Yet, the protective aspect of labour law is challenged by the reduction or lack of protective provisions, and the circumvention to the employment relationships, both at the national and European levels. Thus, defining the scope of labour law and identifying whose workers are excluded from it is core to assessing the grey area between criminal and protected work situations. These issues are particularly relevant for the situation of platform workers, for which social sciences have raised practical concerns about working conditions. The sex work sector also fluctuates among various legal framework, in some countries, as an employment activity or an independent one. Aside labour protection, due to a stereotypical vision of trafficked victims, law enforcement authorities rarely identify criminal behaviours in this sector, whether the service is provided in person or platform based.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-free-section section\"><div class=\"container xl:max-w-screen-xl\">\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-unilux-blocks-heading\"        id=\"why-is-this-research-needed\"\n    >\n<strong><strong><strong>Why is this research needed?<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The absence of a clear definition of exploitation has significant implications for the identification and protection of victims. In practice, inconsistent legal interpretations result in uneven access to justice and state protection. Without a harmonised framework, some victims are denied recognition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The digitalisation of work further complicates this landscape. Platform workers operate in an ambiguous legal space where employment protections are limited, increasing their susceptibility to exploitative conditions. Similarly, sex workers face a lack of legal recognition, which exposes them to deceptive recruitment practices and exploitation. Thus, there is a need to connect work conditions prohibited under criminal law with the scope of the employment relationship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As trafficking and exploitation are often transnational in the European context, a comparative perspective is necessary to produce adequate research results. The project seeks to address the inconsistencies in applying legal frameworks in different countries, thus promoting harmonised protection and legal action. Further research on this issue is particularly timely after the 2024 update to the anti-trafficking directive. As exploitation must also be framed with the digitalisation of work, this project will bring early insights from the Platform Work Directive.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"py-0 wp-block-unilux-blocks-free-section section\"><div class=\"container xl:max-w-screen-xl\">\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-unilux-blocks-heading\"        id=\"methods\"\n    >\n<strong><strong><strong>Methods<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\"><figure class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image  object-fit--contain\">\n    \n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-image unilux-custom-image-block\"\n                alt=\"\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2025\/02\/Methodology.jpg\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2025\/02\/Methodology-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2025\/02\/Methodology-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2025\/02\/Methodology-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2025\/02\/Methodology-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2025\/02\/Methodology-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2025\/02\/Methodology.jpg 1772w\"\n                style=\"object-position: 50.00% 50.00%; font-family: &quot;object-fit: contain; object-position: 50.00% 50.00%;&quot;; aspect-ratio: 16\/9; object-fit: contain; width: 100%;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n\/>    <\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-free-section section\"><div class=\"container xl:max-w-screen-xl\">\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-unilux-blocks-heading\"        id=\"interviews\"\n    >\nInterviews<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-unilux-blocks-heading\"        id=\"to-understand-how-victims-and-workers-make-sense-and-conceptualise-exploitation-interviews-are-conducted-by-salome-lannier-in-luxembourg-belgium-france-and-spain-find-attached-the-calls-for-interv\"\n    >\nTo understand how victims and workers make sense and conceptualise exploitation, interviews are conducted by Salom\u00e9 Lannier in Luxembourg, Belgium, France and Spain. Find attached the calls for interviews, the information notice regarding data protection, the informed consent form as well as the referral flyers. All documents are also available, on request, in French, Spanish, German and Dutch, as well as in flyer version.<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-button-list-v2\">\n<li class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-button-list-item-v2\"><a class=\"quick-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/04\/07101838\/poster-protex_eng_pop-1_email-1.pdf\" target=\"\" role=\"link\" rel=\"noopener\" tabindex=\"0\"><span class=\"quick-link__container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-block-inserter quick-link__img\">\n<div class=\"icon--primary icon--secondary-2 icon--xl wp-block-unilux-blocks-icon-picker\">\n    <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--register \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--register\"><\/use><\/svg><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<span class=\"quick-link__name wp-block-unilux-blocks-plain-text\">Poster &#8211; Share your story: Help us better understand labour conditions and exploitation risks (Restauration, Hospitality, Construction, Agriculture, Transport)<\/span>\n\n<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--arrow-right \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\"><\/use><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-button-list-item-v2\"><a class=\"quick-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/04\/07103718\/poster-protex_eng_pop-2-scaled.jpg\" target=\"\" role=\"link\" rel=\"noopener\" tabindex=\"0\"><span class=\"quick-link__container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-block-inserter quick-link__img\">\n<div class=\"icon--primary icon--secondary-2 icon--xl wp-block-unilux-blocks-icon-picker\">\n    <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--register \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--register\"><\/use><\/svg><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<span class=\"quick-link__name wp-block-unilux-blocks-plain-text\">Poster &#8211; Share your story: Help us better understand labour conditions and exploitation risks (Uber\/Bolt\/Freenow, Uber Eats\/Just Eat\/Deliveroo\/Glovo\/Wolt, Click work)<\/span>\n\n<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--arrow-right \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\"><\/use><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-button-list-item-v2\"><a class=\"quick-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/04\/07101840\/poster-protex_eng_pop-3-email-1.pdf\" target=\"\" role=\"link\" rel=\"noopener\" tabindex=\"0\"><span class=\"quick-link__container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-block-inserter quick-link__img\">\n<div class=\"icon--primary icon--secondary-2 icon--xl wp-block-unilux-blocks-icon-picker\">\n    <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--register \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--register\"><\/use><\/svg><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<span class=\"quick-link__name wp-block-unilux-blocks-plain-text\">Poster &#8211; Share your story: Help us better understand labour conditions and exploitation risks (Providing sexual services, Working in the porn industry)<\/span>\n\n<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--arrow-right \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\"><\/use><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-button-list-item-v2\"><a class=\"quick-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/04\/07101841\/poster-protex_eng_pop-4-email-1.pdf\" target=\"\" role=\"link\" rel=\"noopener\" tabindex=\"0\"><span class=\"quick-link__container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-block-inserter quick-link__img\">\n<div class=\"icon--primary icon--secondary-2 icon--xl wp-block-unilux-blocks-icon-picker\">\n    <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--register \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--register\"><\/use><\/svg><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<span class=\"quick-link__name wp-block-unilux-blocks-plain-text\">Poster &#8211; Share your story: Help us better understand labour conditions and exploitation risks (Survivor of Human Trafficking\/Labour exploitation\/Sexual exploitation)<\/span>\n\n<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--arrow-right \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\"><\/use><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-button-list-item-v2\"><a class=\"quick-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/04\/07101842\/protex-ressources_belgique_eng-1.pdf\" target=\"\" role=\"link\" rel=\"noopener\" tabindex=\"0\"><span class=\"quick-link__container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-block-inserter quick-link__img\">\n<div class=\"icon--primary icon--secondary-2 icon--xl wp-block-unilux-blocks-icon-picker\">\n    <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--register \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--register\"><\/use><\/svg><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<span class=\"quick-link__name wp-block-unilux-blocks-plain-text\">Know your rights &#8211; BE<\/span>\n\n<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--arrow-right \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\"><\/use><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-button-list-item-v2\"><a class=\"quick-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/04\/07101843\/protex-ressources_espagne_eng.pdf\" target=\"\" role=\"link\" rel=\"noopener\" tabindex=\"0\"><span class=\"quick-link__container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-block-inserter quick-link__img\">\n<div class=\"icon--primary icon--secondary-2 icon--xl wp-block-unilux-blocks-icon-picker\">\n    <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--register \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--register\"><\/use><\/svg><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<span class=\"quick-link__name wp-block-unilux-blocks-plain-text\">Know your rights &#8211; ES<\/span>\n\n<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--arrow-right \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\"><\/use><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-button-list-item-v2\"><a class=\"quick-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/04\/07101844\/protex-ressources_france_eng-2.pdf\" target=\"\" role=\"link\" rel=\"noopener\" tabindex=\"0\"><span class=\"quick-link__container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-block-inserter quick-link__img\">\n<div class=\"icon--primary icon--secondary-2 icon--xl wp-block-unilux-blocks-icon-picker\">\n    <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--register \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--register\"><\/use><\/svg><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<span class=\"quick-link__name wp-block-unilux-blocks-plain-text\">Know your rights &#8211; FR<\/span>\n\n<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--arrow-right \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\"><\/use><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-button-list-item-v2\"><a class=\"quick-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/04\/07101845\/protex-ressources_luxembourg_eng-1.pdf\" target=\"\" role=\"link\" rel=\"noopener\" tabindex=\"0\"><span class=\"quick-link__container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-block-inserter quick-link__img\">\n<div class=\"icon--primary icon--secondary-2 icon--xl wp-block-unilux-blocks-icon-picker\">\n    <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--register \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--register\"><\/use><\/svg><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<span class=\"quick-link__name wp-block-unilux-blocks-plain-text\">Know your rights &#8211; LU<\/span>\n\n<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--arrow-right \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\"><\/use><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-button-list-item-v2\"><a class=\"quick-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/04\/07101846\/PROTEX_Information-sheet_EN_web.pdf\" target=\"\" role=\"link\" rel=\"noopener\" tabindex=\"0\"><span class=\"quick-link__container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-block-inserter quick-link__img\">\n<div class=\"icon--primary icon--secondary-2 icon--xl wp-block-unilux-blocks-icon-picker\">\n    <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--register \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--register\"><\/use><\/svg><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<span class=\"quick-link__name wp-block-unilux-blocks-plain-text\">Information notice about personal data processing and consequences of the Research Project<\/span>\n\n<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--arrow-right \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\"><\/use><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-button-list-item-v2\"><a class=\"quick-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/04\/07101847\/PROTEX_Informed-consent-form_EN_web.pdf\" target=\"\" role=\"link\" rel=\"noopener\" tabindex=\"0\"><span class=\"quick-link__container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-block-inserter quick-link__img\">\n<div class=\"icon--primary icon--secondary-2 icon--xl wp-block-unilux-blocks-icon-picker\">\n    <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--register \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--register\"><\/use><\/svg><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<span class=\"quick-link__name wp-block-unilux-blocks-plain-text\">Informed Consent Form<\/span>\n\n<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--arrow-right \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\"><\/use><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"py-0 wp-block-unilux-blocks-free-section section\"><div class=\"container xl:max-w-screen-xl\">\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-unilux-blocks-heading\"        id=\"results\"\n    >\n<strong><strong><strong>Results<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"ulux-list\">\n<li class=\"ulux-list-item\">LANNIER, S., Wozniak-Cole, V., &amp; El Dekmak, N. (July 2025). <a href=\"https:\/\/orbilu.uni.lu\/handle\/10993\/65419\">The 2024 EU Human Trafficking Directive: A comprehensive update?<\/a> <em>Journal of Human Trafficking, Enslavement and Conflict-Related Sexual Violence, 6<\/em> (2025\/1), 27 &#8211; 52.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"ulux-list-item\">LANNIER, S. (2026). <a href=\"https:\/\/orbilu.uni.lu\/handle\/10993\/67779\">L&#8217;apport de la Charte pour lutter contre l&#8217;esclavage, le travail forc\u00e9 et la traite des \u00eatres humains.<\/a> In M. Etienne, C. WARIN, &#8230; F. Lenert (Eds.), <em>Charter Up! Guide du praticien pour mieux comprendre et mobiliser la Charte des droits fondamentaux<\/em> (pp. 76-80). EIPA &amp; Passerell.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"ulux-list-item\">LANNIER, S., &amp; Duschene, N. (2026). <a href=\"https:\/\/orbilu.uni.lu\/handle\/10993\/68015\">La lutte contre la traite des \u00eatres humains au Luxembourg : entre complexit\u00e9 juridique et exigence de protection<\/a>. <em>Revue P\u00e9nale Luxembourgeoise<\/em>, (16\/2025), 22 &#8211; 29.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"ulux-list-item\">Brouqu\u00e9, C., Geoffroy, M., &amp; LANNIER, S. (2026). <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11196-026-10450-9\">Discours juridictionnels et politiques fran\u00e7ais sur la prostitution : entre uniformit\u00e9 et dissidence<\/a>. <em>International Journal for the Semiotics of Law<\/em>. doi:10.1007\/s11196-026-10450-9<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-button-list-v2\">\n<li class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-button-list-item-v2\"><a class=\"quick-link\" href=\"https:\/\/orbilu.uni.lu\/profile?uid=50073906\" target=\"\" role=\"link\" rel=\"noopener\" tabindex=\"0\"><span class=\"quick-link__container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-block-inserter quick-link__img\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<span class=\"quick-link__name wp-block-unilux-blocks-plain-text\">OrbiLu<\/span>\n\n<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--arrow-right \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\"><\/use><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":85,"featured_media":0,"parent":12321,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"featured_image_focal_point":[],"show_featured_caption":false,"ulux_newsletter_groups":"","uluxPostTitle":"","uluxPrePostTitle":"","_trash_the_other_posts":false,"_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_tribe_ticket_capacity":"0","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false,"rpp_rp_identifier":"13121","rpp_taxonomies_in_sync":true},"research-project-status":[34],"research-project-type":[],"field-of-interest":[44,45,52,56,57],"organisation":[183,138,181,135,263],"authorship":[203,329,85],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.3 (Yoast SEO v22.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Research PROTect against EXploitation: exploitative offences versus legitimate work in a digitalised labour market (PROTEX) - University of Luxembourg I Uni.lu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The project\u2019s objective is to develop an evidence-based, interdisciplinary framework for defining and addressing exploitation. This will involve analysing\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/research-projects\/protex\/research\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Research\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The project\u2019s objective is to develop an evidence-based, interdisciplinary framework for defining and addressing exploitation. This will involve analysing\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/research-projects\/protex\/research\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Research EN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-04-07T09:02:29+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/03115550\/UNIV_SM-Profile_1600x1600px-scaled.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/research-projects\/protex\/research\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/research-projects\/protex\/research\/\",\"name\":\"Research PROTect against EXploitation: exploitative offences versus legitimate work in a digitalised labour market (PROTEX) - University of Luxembourg I Uni.lu\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2025-02-27T11:33:57+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-04-07T09:02:29+00:00\",\"description\":\"The project\u2019s objective is to develop an evidence-based, interdisciplinary framework for defining and addressing exploitation. This will involve analysing\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/research-projects\/protex\/research\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/research-projects\/protex\/research\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/research-projects\/protex\/research\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/en\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Research\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Research Projects Pages\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/research-projects\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"PROTect against EXploitation: exploitative offences versus legitimate work in a digitalised labour market (PROTEX)\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/research-projects\/protex\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":5,\"name\":\"Research\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/\",\"name\":\"Uni.lu\",\"description\":\"Research at the University of Luxembourg\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/#organization\"},\"alternateName\":\"University of Luxembourg\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/#organization\",\"name\":\"University of Luxembourg\",\"alternateName\":\"Uni.lu\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/03115550\/UNIV_SM-Profile_1600x1600px-scaled.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/03115550\/UNIV_SM-Profile_1600x1600px-scaled.jpg\",\"width\":2560,\"height\":2560,\"caption\":\"University of Luxembourg\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"description\":\"Research at the University of Luxembourg\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Research PROTect against EXploitation: exploitative offences versus legitimate work in a digitalised labour market (PROTEX) - University of Luxembourg I Uni.lu","description":"The project\u2019s objective is to develop an evidence-based, interdisciplinary framework for defining and addressing exploitation. This will involve analysing","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/research-projects\/protex\/research\/","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"Research","og_description":"The project\u2019s objective is to develop an evidence-based, interdisciplinary framework for defining and addressing exploitation. This will involve analysing","og_url":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/research-projects\/protex\/research\/","og_site_name":"Research EN","article_modified_time":"2026-04-07T09:02:29+00:00","og_image":[{"width":2560,"height":2560,"url":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/03115550\/UNIV_SM-Profile_1600x1600px-scaled.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Estimated reading time":"4 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/research-projects\/protex\/research\/","url":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/research-projects\/protex\/research\/","name":"Research PROTect against EXploitation: exploitative offences versus legitimate work in a digitalised labour market (PROTEX) - University of Luxembourg I Uni.lu","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/#website"},"datePublished":"2025-02-27T11:33:57+00:00","dateModified":"2026-04-07T09:02:29+00:00","description":"The project\u2019s objective is to develop an evidence-based, interdisciplinary framework for defining and addressing exploitation. This will involve analysing","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/research-projects\/protex\/research\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/research-projects\/protex\/research\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/research-projects\/protex\/research\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/en"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Research","item":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Research Projects Pages","item":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/research-projects\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"PROTect against EXploitation: exploitative offences versus legitimate work in a digitalised labour market (PROTEX)","item":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/research-projects\/protex\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":5,"name":"Research"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/","name":"Uni.lu","description":"Research at the University of Luxembourg","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/#organization"},"alternateName":"University of Luxembourg","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/#organization","name":"University of Luxembourg","alternateName":"Uni.lu","url":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/03115550\/UNIV_SM-Profile_1600x1600px-scaled.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/03115550\/UNIV_SM-Profile_1600x1600px-scaled.jpg","width":2560,"height":2560,"caption":"University of Luxembourg"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"description":"Research at the University of Luxembourg"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/research-projects\/12332"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/research-projects"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/research-projects"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/85"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/research-projects\/12332\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17573,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/research-projects\/12332\/revisions\/17573"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/research-projects\/12321"}],"wp:authorship":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/203"},{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/329"},{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/85"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12332"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"research-project-status","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/research-project-status?post=12332"},{"taxonomy":"research-project-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/research-project-type?post=12332"},{"taxonomy":"field-of-interest","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/field-of-interest?post=12332"},{"taxonomy":"organisation","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/research-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/organisation?post=12332"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}