{"id":2530,"date":"2025-07-07T12:43:17","date_gmt":"2025-07-07T10:43:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/?page_id=2530"},"modified":"2026-01-07T09:29:53","modified_gmt":"2026-01-07T08:29:53","slug":"research-papers","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/research\/research-papers\/","title":{"rendered":"Research papers"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"section py-0 static\">\n<section class=\"py-0 wp-block-unilux-blocks-free-section section\"><div class=\"container xl:max-w-screen-xl\"><!-- SecondaryNavigationMirror --><div class=\"js-secondary-nav--sticky wp-block-unilux-blocks-secondary-navigation\" id=\"2be400c2-6776-4df1-a01b-9ce00a72922a\">\n    <nav id=\"secondary-navigation\" role=\"navigation\" aria-label=\"Secondary menu\" class=\"secondary-nav\">\n        <button class=\"secondary-nav__button btn btn-solid--primary w-full\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"secondary-navigation__list\" title=\"The selected page is Overview\" type=\"button\">\n            <span class=\"btn__name mr-auto\">Overview<\/span>\n            <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--xs\">\n                <use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-down\" \/>\n            <\/svg>\n        <\/button>\n\n        <ul id=\"secondary-navigation__list\" class=\"secondary-nav__list\">\n            <li class=\"secondary-nav__item\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/\" target=\"\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" class=\"secondary-nav__link \">\n        <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--xs\">\n            <use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\" \/>\n        <\/svg>\n        <span class=\"secondary-nav__name\">Overview<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"secondary-nav__item\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/about\/\" target=\"\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" class=\"secondary-nav__link \">\n        <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--xs\">\n            <use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\" \/>\n        <\/svg>\n        <span class=\"secondary-nav__name\">About<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"secondary-nav__item\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/research\/\" target=\"\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" class=\"secondary-nav__link \">\n        <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--xs\">\n            <use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\" \/>\n        <\/svg>\n        <span class=\"secondary-nav__name\">Research<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"secondary-nav__item\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/library\/\" target=\"\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" class=\"secondary-nav__link \">\n        <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--xs\">\n            <use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\" \/>\n        <\/svg>\n        <span class=\"secondary-nav__name\">LCEL Library<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"secondary-nav__item\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/guest-programme\/\" target=\"\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" class=\"secondary-nav__link \">\n        <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--xs\">\n            <use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\" \/>\n        <\/svg>\n        <span class=\"secondary-nav__name\">Guest programme<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"secondary-nav__item\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/people\/\" target=\"\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" class=\"secondary-nav__link \">\n        <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--xs\">\n            <use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\" \/>\n        <\/svg>\n        <span class=\"secondary-nav__name\">People<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"secondary-nav__item\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/join-us\/\" target=\"\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" class=\"secondary-nav__link \">\n        <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--xs\">\n            <use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\" \/>\n        <\/svg>\n        <span class=\"secondary-nav__name\">Join us<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"secondary-nav__item\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/contact\/\" target=\"\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" class=\"secondary-nav__link \">\n        <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--xs\">\n            <use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\" \/>\n        <\/svg>\n        <span class=\"secondary-nav__name\">Contact<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n<\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n    <\/nav>\n<\/div>\n<!-- end SecondaryNavigationMirror --><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-free-section section\"><div class=\"container xl:max-w-screen-xl\">\n<h1 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-unilux-blocks-heading\"        id=\"research-papers\"\n    >\nResearch papers<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-highlighted-list list-highlighted list-highlighted--architectural\"><li class=\"list-highlighted__item  wp-block-unilux-blocks-highlighted-list-item\">\n    <header class=\"list-highlighted__header wp-block-unilux-blocks-highlighted-list-item-header\">\n    \n<h4 class=\"title text-18 font-bold has-text-align-left wp-block-unilux-blocks-heading\"        id=\"18-december-2025\"\n    >\n18 December 2025<\/h4>\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-bigtext\">\n    <span>\n        \n    <\/span>\n<\/div><\/header><div class=\"list-highlighted__body wp-block-unilux-blocks-highlighted-list-item-body\">\n    <div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-highlighted-list-item-free-content-area\">\n    \n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-accordion accordion accordion--theme accordion-standard\" data-reference=\"7214a89d-4137-48b3-ba7a-c8aeeb056bc0\" data-accordion-type=\"standard\"><div class=\"accordion__item  wp-block-unilux-blocks-accordion-item\">\n    <h3 class=\"accordion__header\"\n                    id=\"separation-of-powers-in-the-european-union\"\n        >\n        <button\n            type=\"button\"\n            id=\"accordion-labelledby-5644c6b2-a816-4280-a898-d79fc1076109\"\n            class=\"accordion__button collapsed\"\n            aria-expanded=\"false\"\n            aria-controls=\"accordion-panel-5644c6b2-a816-4280-a898-d79fc1076109\"\n            data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n            data-bs-target=\"#accordion-panel-5644c6b2-a816-4280-a898-d79fc1076109\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"accordion__title\">\n                                Separation of Powers in the European Union            <\/span>\n\n            <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--arrow-down \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-down\"><\/use><\/svg>        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"accordion-panel-5644c6b2-a816-4280-a898-d79fc1076109\"\n        class=\"accordion__collapse collapse\"\n        aria-labelledby=\"accordion-labelledby-5644c6b2-a816-4280-a898-d79fc1076109\"\n        data-bs-parent=\"[data-reference=&quot;7214a89d-4137-48b3-ba7a-c8aeeb056bc0&quot;]\"\n    >\n        <div class=\"accordion__body \">\n            \n<p>This chapter analyses the normative meaning of institutional balance in the European Union (EU) and its frequent conflation with separation of powers. While Article 13(2) TEU enshrines the principle of institutional balance, this principle has hardly a legal meaning that is independent of the allocation of competences made by specific legal bases. Yet, legal norms exert uneven influence on institutional practice \u2013 as the analysis of the distinction between delegated and implementing acts and of the making of international agreements shows \u2013 and judicial reliance on institutional balance may endorse institutional practice rather than steer it. While the Lisbon Treaty\u2019s constitutional vocabulary clarified the relative role of the legislative and of the executive functions in the EU, subsequent crises and institutional practice have exposed the fragility of its design. Even after Lisbon, attempts to read institutional balance through separation-of-powers analogies risk misrepresenting the EU\u2019s institutional system. As it stands, institutional balance is best understood as a contingent outcome of Treaty norms, institutional practices, and judicial interpretation, not as a constitutional principle capable of steering democratic legitimacy. The chapter concludes that the realization of constitutional ideals of separation of powers in the EU, capable of providing normative criteria for assessing institutional practices and the evolution of the EU institutional system, requires a theoretical elaboration grounded in EU law and practice rather than a hasty transposition of state models.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Author:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/people\/joana-mendes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Joana Mendes<\/a><\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Keywords:<\/strong> Institutional Balance, Separation of Powers, Allocation of Powers, Non-Legislative Acts, The Making of International Agreements<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-custom-buttons btn-list\"><li class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-custom-button\"    aria-disabled=\"false\"\n    >\n    <a\n        role=\"link\"\n        aria-disabled=\"false\"\n                    href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5936197\"\n                target=\"_blank\"\n        class=\"btn btn--primary\"\n            >Download paper<\/a>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n\n<li class=\"list-highlighted__item  wp-block-unilux-blocks-highlighted-list-item\">\n    <header class=\"list-highlighted__header wp-block-unilux-blocks-highlighted-list-item-header\">\n    \n<h4 class=\"title text-18 font-bold has-text-align-left wp-block-unilux-blocks-heading\"        id=\"12-december-2025\"\n    >\n12 December 2025<\/h4>\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-bigtext\">\n    <span>\n        \n    <\/span>\n<\/div><\/header><div class=\"list-highlighted__body wp-block-unilux-blocks-highlighted-list-item-body\">\n    <div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-highlighted-list-item-free-content-area\">\n    \n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-accordion accordion accordion--theme accordion-standard\" data-reference=\"77ef21fc-f682-42d1-9ed4-2c2e4ddd2d07\" data-accordion-type=\"standard\"><div class=\"accordion__item  wp-block-unilux-blocks-accordion-item\">\n    <h3 class=\"accordion__header\"\n                    id=\"taking-legal-diversity-seriously-eu-law-as-local-knowledge\"\n        >\n        <button\n            type=\"button\"\n            id=\"accordion-labelledby-20a0d385-85a4-4d34-9246-ecb1a5384a0f\"\n            class=\"accordion__button collapsed\"\n            aria-expanded=\"false\"\n            aria-controls=\"accordion-panel-20a0d385-85a4-4d34-9246-ecb1a5384a0f\"\n            data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n            data-bs-target=\"#accordion-panel-20a0d385-85a4-4d34-9246-ecb1a5384a0f\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"accordion__title\">\n                                Taking Legal Diversity Seriously: EU Law as Local Knowledge            <\/span>\n\n            <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--arrow-down \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-down\"><\/use><\/svg>        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"accordion-panel-20a0d385-85a4-4d34-9246-ecb1a5384a0f\"\n        class=\"accordion__collapse collapse\"\n        aria-labelledby=\"accordion-labelledby-20a0d385-85a4-4d34-9246-ecb1a5384a0f\"\n        data-bs-parent=\"[data-reference=&quot;77ef21fc-f682-42d1-9ed4-2c2e4ddd2d07&quot;]\"\n    >\n        <div class=\"accordion__body \">\n            \n<p>Claims of identity \u2014 whether national or European, more or less supported by constitutions and treaties \u2014 abound in the current context of crises and risk further imperilling integration. Against this background, we argue that it is urgent to reflect on the capacity of EU law to express different claims, worldviews and identities from those of the Euro-lawyers who invented and promoted it. To do so, we propose to approach EU law as local knowledge, i.e. as a set of legal practices, techniques, patterns of reasoning, concepts and formulas that are locally constructed to respond to local needs and standards of argumentation. This perspective contrasts with the functional thinking that has permeated EU law, which risks stretching the law beyond what it can realistically achieve. Showing the variety of local meanings of EU law, we argue, can give valuable insights on the reasons of the disconnection between EU law and society, but also \u2013 and importantly \u2013 on possible ways to reconnect.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Authors:<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/people\/joana-mendes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> Joana Mendes<\/a>, Afroditi Marketou<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Keywords:<\/strong> Uniformity of EU Law, Legal Diversity, Comparative Law, Functional Legacy, Local Meanings<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-custom-buttons btn-list\"><li class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-custom-button\"    aria-disabled=\"false\"\n    >\n    <a\n        role=\"link\"\n        aria-disabled=\"false\"\n                    href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5883662\"\n                target=\"_blank\"\n        class=\"btn btn--primary\"\n            >Download paper<\/a>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n\n<li class=\"list-highlighted__item  wp-block-unilux-blocks-highlighted-list-item\">\n    <header class=\"list-highlighted__header wp-block-unilux-blocks-highlighted-list-item-header\">\n    \n<h4 class=\"title text-18 font-bold has-text-align-left wp-block-unilux-blocks-heading\"        id=\"2-december-2025\"\n    >\n2 December 2025<\/h4>\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-bigtext\">\n    <span>\n        \n    <\/span>\n<\/div><\/header><div class=\"list-highlighted__body wp-block-unilux-blocks-highlighted-list-item-body\">\n    <div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-highlighted-list-item-free-content-area\">\n    \n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-accordion accordion accordion--theme accordion-standard\" data-reference=\"3e1c2513-de72-4e01-9497-8d8477813ba7\" data-accordion-type=\"standard\"><div class=\"accordion__item  wp-block-unilux-blocks-accordion-item\">\n    <h3 class=\"accordion__header\"\n                    id=\"law-in-complex-fields-the-case-of-eu-regulation-of-pesticides\"\n        >\n        <button\n            type=\"button\"\n            id=\"accordion-labelledby-c8d1334f-724e-4479-87f9-9b2b4c6e83ac\"\n            class=\"accordion__button collapsed\"\n            aria-expanded=\"false\"\n            aria-controls=\"accordion-panel-c8d1334f-724e-4479-87f9-9b2b4c6e83ac\"\n            data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n            data-bs-target=\"#accordion-panel-c8d1334f-724e-4479-87f9-9b2b4c6e83ac\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"accordion__title\">\n                                Law in Complex Fields: The Case of EU Regulation of Pesticides            <\/span>\n\n            <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--arrow-down \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-down\"><\/use><\/svg>        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"accordion-panel-c8d1334f-724e-4479-87f9-9b2b4c6e83ac\"\n        class=\"accordion__collapse collapse\"\n        aria-labelledby=\"accordion-labelledby-c8d1334f-724e-4479-87f9-9b2b4c6e83ac\"\n        data-bs-parent=\"[data-reference=&quot;3e1c2513-de72-4e01-9497-8d8477813ba7&quot;]\"\n    >\n        <div class=\"accordion__body \">\n            \n<p>The protective capacity of EU legal regime governing the authorization of plant protection products (the Pesticides Regulation of 2009) turns on the meaning and assessment of \u201cunacceptable effects\u201d on the environment and \u201charmful effects\u201d on human and animal health. These are, at the same time, legal conditions of the lawfulness of administrative decisions, the public goods that ground the powers allocated by an intricate legal regime, and the goals that the competent actors must pursue. While the centrality of public health and environmental protection is reflected in many of the Regulation\u2019s norms, some of the decisions on pesticides have been deeply controversial on those grounds (such as the renewal of the authorization of glyphosates and of neonicotinoids). Drawing on a range of documents produced during the evaluation of the regulation and on the body of case law stemming from a rich litigation, the article analyses how the legislature, the administration and the courts have shaped the meaning of those key terms and how far the legal strictures have constrained administrative powers. It argues that the Commission, as part of an administrative system that includes the Member States and scientific bodies, defines the meaning of the legal conditions by which it is bound, while striking difficult trade-offs between protection needs and public goods. Delegation is not a suitable analytical frame to understand what is at stake, as it presupposes that the legislature delimits the lawful scope of action. Judicial review, while procedurally robust, also does not substantively constrain these powers, as courts refrain from interpreting pivotal terms of the legal regime beyond their procedural function. The article concludes that the role of law in this domain is less about constraining administrative power than about enabling the administrative capacity to fulfil a public function and validating the rationality of a complex political-economic system that precedes the existence of legal norms.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Author:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/people\/joana-mendes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Joana Mendes<\/a><br><br><strong>Keywords:<\/strong> Pesticides, EU Administration, Judicial Review, Public Interests, Legality<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-custom-buttons btn-list\"><li class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-custom-button\"    aria-disabled=\"false\"\n    >\n    <a\n        role=\"link\"\n        aria-disabled=\"false\"\n                    href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5844522\"\n                target=\"_blank\"\n        class=\"btn btn--primary\"\n            >Download paper<\/a>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n\n<li class=\"list-highlighted__item  wp-block-unilux-blocks-highlighted-list-item\">\n    <header class=\"list-highlighted__header wp-block-unilux-blocks-highlighted-list-item-header\">\n    \n<h4 class=\"title text-18 font-bold has-text-align-left wp-block-unilux-blocks-heading\"        id=\"11-july-2024\"\n    >\n11 July 2024<br><\/h4>\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-bigtext\">\n    <span>\n        \n    <\/span>\n<\/div><\/header><div class=\"list-highlighted__body wp-block-unilux-blocks-highlighted-list-item-body\">\n    <div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-highlighted-list-item-free-content-area\">\n    \n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-accordion accordion accordion--theme accordion-standard\" data-reference=\"fd203357-dc12-4750-bf8d-cf2467fbeb4f\" data-accordion-type=\"standard\"><div class=\"accordion__item  wp-block-unilux-blocks-accordion-item\">\n    <h3 class=\"accordion__header\"\n        >\n        <button\n            type=\"button\"\n            id=\"accordion-labelledby-1958b2bc-57e0-40e6-b152-a1068eab01e2\"\n            class=\"accordion__button collapsed\"\n            aria-expanded=\"false\"\n            aria-controls=\"accordion-panel-1958b2bc-57e0-40e6-b152-a1068eab01e2\"\n            data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n            data-bs-target=\"#accordion-panel-1958b2bc-57e0-40e6-b152-a1068eab01e2\"\n        >\n            <span class=\"accordion__title\">\n                                <em>Yearbook on Procedural Law of the Court of Justice of the European Union Fifth Edition &#8211; 2023<\/em>            <\/span>\n\n            <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--arrow-down \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-down\"><\/use><\/svg>        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"accordion-panel-1958b2bc-57e0-40e6-b152-a1068eab01e2\"\n        class=\"accordion__collapse collapse\"\n        aria-labelledby=\"accordion-labelledby-1958b2bc-57e0-40e6-b152-a1068eab01e2\"\n        data-bs-parent=\"[data-reference=&quot;fd203357-dc12-4750-bf8d-cf2467fbeb4f&quot;]\"\n    >\n        <div class=\"accordion__body \">\n            \n<p>The chapters contained in this yearbook have been composed by the participants of the fifth edition of the Forum on Procedural Law of the Court of Justice of the European Union held on Monday, 27 February 2023 at the Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for Procedural Law. The scope of the Forum was twofold. First, it set out to tackle cutting-edge procedural issues which arise in the Court&#8217;s proceedings and case-law. Second, it provided an update on general procedural issues. The Forum took its name from the intention to have an open dialog among specialists of EU Law and Procedural Law and to foster comparison with other courts, be they domestic or international.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Co-Editors:<\/strong> Daniel Sarmiento, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fdef-en\/people\/pierre-henri-conac\/\">Pierre-Henri Conac<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/people\/olivier-baillet\/\">Olivier Baillet<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/people\/walter-bruno\/\">Walter Bruno<\/a><\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Authors:<\/strong> Takis Tridimas, Lena Hornkohl, Nils Imgarten, Enrique Vallines, Sara Iglesias S\u00e1nchez, Simoncini Marta, Janek Tomasz Nowak<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Keywords:<\/strong> Court of Justice of the European Union, Procedural Law, Litigation, Preliminary References, Infringement Actions, Appeals on Points of Law, Action of Annulment<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-custom-buttons btn-list\"><li class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-custom-button\"    aria-disabled=\"false\"\n    >\n    <a\n        role=\"link\"\n        aria-disabled=\"false\"\n                    href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4889433\"\n                target=\"_blank\"\n        class=\"btn btn--primary\"\n            >Download paper<\/a>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":125,"featured_media":0,"parent":88,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"featured_image_focal_point":[],"show_featured_caption":false,"ulux_newsletter_groups":"","uluxPostTitle":"Luxembourg Centre for European Law (LCEL)","uluxPrePostTitle":"Interdisciplinary Centre","_trash_the_other_posts":false,"_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_tribe_ticket_capacity":"0","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false,"footnotes":""},"field-of-interest":[],"organisation":[],"authorship":[125],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.3 (Yoast SEO v22.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Research papers - LCEL - University of Luxembourg I Uni.lu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/research\/research-papers\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Research papers\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/research\/research-papers\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"LCEL EN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-01-07T08:29:53+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2026\/03\/03113645\/LCEL_SM-Profile_1600x1600px-scaled.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/research\/research-papers\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/research\/research-papers\/\",\"name\":\"Research papers - LCEL - University of Luxembourg I Uni.lu\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2025-07-07T10:43:17+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-01-07T08:29:53+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/research\/research-papers\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/research\/research-papers\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/research\/research-papers\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/en\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Luxembourg Centre for European Law (LCEL)\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Research\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/research\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"Research papers\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/\",\"name\":\"LCEL\",\"description\":\"Luxembourg Centre for European Law I Uni.lu\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/#organization\"},\"alternateName\":\"Luxembourg Centre for European Law I University of Luxembourg\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/#organization\",\"name\":\"LCEL - University of Luxembourg I Uni.lu\",\"alternateName\":\"Luxembourg Centre for European Law\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2026\/03\/03113645\/LCEL_SM-Profile_1600x1600px-scaled.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2026\/03\/03113645\/LCEL_SM-Profile_1600x1600px-scaled.jpg\",\"width\":2560,\"height\":2560,\"caption\":\"LCEL - University of Luxembourg I Uni.lu\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/showcase\/lcel-university-of-luxembourg\/?originalSubdomain=lu\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Research papers - LCEL - University of Luxembourg I Uni.lu","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/research\/research-papers\/","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"Research papers","og_url":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/research\/research-papers\/","og_site_name":"LCEL EN","article_modified_time":"2026-01-07T08:29:53+00:00","og_image":[{"width":2560,"height":2560,"url":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2026\/03\/03113645\/LCEL_SM-Profile_1600x1600px-scaled.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Estimated reading time":"4 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/research\/research-papers\/","url":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/research\/research-papers\/","name":"Research papers - LCEL - University of Luxembourg I Uni.lu","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/#website"},"datePublished":"2025-07-07T10:43:17+00:00","dateModified":"2026-01-07T08:29:53+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/research\/research-papers\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/research\/research-papers\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/research\/research-papers\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/en"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Luxembourg Centre for European Law (LCEL)","item":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Research","item":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/research\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"Research papers"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/","name":"LCEL","description":"Luxembourg Centre for European Law I Uni.lu","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/#organization"},"alternateName":"Luxembourg Centre for European Law I University of Luxembourg","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/#organization","name":"LCEL - University of Luxembourg I Uni.lu","alternateName":"Luxembourg Centre for European Law","url":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2026\/03\/03113645\/LCEL_SM-Profile_1600x1600px-scaled.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2026\/03\/03113645\/LCEL_SM-Profile_1600x1600px-scaled.jpg","width":2560,"height":2560,"caption":"LCEL - University of Luxembourg I Uni.lu"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/showcase\/lcel-university-of-luxembourg\/?originalSubdomain=lu"]}]}},"ticketed":false,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2530"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/125"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2530"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2530\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3303,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2530\/revisions\/3303"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/88"}],"wp:authorship":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/125"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2530"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"field-of-interest","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/field-of-interest?post=2530"},{"taxonomy":"organisation","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/lcel-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/organisation?post=2530"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}