{"id":330,"date":"2020-08-27T06:23:05","date_gmt":"2020-08-27T06:23:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/website.prod.unilu.spikeseed.cloud\/fstm-fr\/news\/physicists-pin-down-the-pay-off-between-speed-and-entropy\/"},"modified":"2020-08-27T06:23:05","modified_gmt":"2020-08-27T06:23:05","slug":"physicists-pin-down-the-pay-off-between-speed-and-entropy","status":"publish","type":"news","link":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fstm-fr\/news\/physicists-pin-down-the-pay-off-between-speed-and-entropy\/","title":{"rendered":"Physicists pin down the pay off between speed and entropy"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-free-section section\"><div class=\"container xl:max-w-screen-xl\"><p>Researchers Massimiliano Esposito and Gianmaria Falasco from the Department of Physics and Materials Science at the University of Luxembourg have developed a valuable tool to manipulate non-equilibrium systems. Their findings have been recently published in the renowned journal Physical Review Letters.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-unilux-blocks-heading\"        id=\"fluctuation-relations\"\n    >\nFluctuation relations<\/h3>\n<p>Life is a non-equilibrium process, ceaselessly maintaining an organism against decomposition and disintegration into its environment. Take a mouse or any other creature to equilibrium, and all you have is a pile of goo. A lot of the cellular processes that sustain life can be described as chemical reactions that are essentially probabilistic and prone to\u00a0<strong>thermal fluctuations<\/strong>; nonetheless, they enable molecular motors fuelled by adenosine triphosphate (ATP), various cell signaling pathways and many of the other biological processes that keep us ticking over. As device sizes continue to shrink, thermal fluctuations become increasingly prominent in the dynamics of their mechanical components, as well, not to mention the electronic circuits that drive them. For understanding these and a wealth of other non-equilibrium systems, there is great value in a clean mathematical definition that pins down the pay-off between dissipation and the rates at which these processes proceed.<\/p><p>These latest results from the University of Luxembourg researchers follow on from developments over the past 20 years in what <a href=\"https:\/\/wwwfr.uni.lu\/recherche\/fstm\/dphyms\/people\/massimiliano_esposito\" target=\"_self\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">Prof. Massimiliano Esposito<\/a> describes as a \u00ab\u00a0real boom\u00a0\u00bb in the field of <strong>statistical physics<\/strong>, and nonequilibrium statistical physics, in particular. Over the 1990s and 2000s, a series of theorems emerged that placed parameters around the probabilistic nature of the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the entropy of an isolated system should \u00ab\u00a0tend\u00a0\u00bb to increase until it reaches equilibrium. These\u00a0fluctuation theorems\u00a0found that the exponential of entropy production equals the ratio of the probability of fluctuations moving in the direction of increasing entropy versus the probability of fluctuations going against the grain in this respect. \u00ab\u00a0In a sense, we are still discovering all the consequences of these\u00a0fluctuation\u00a0relations and of this field that is called stochastic thermodynamics,\u00a0\u00bb says Esposito.<\/p><p><strong>A shift in perspective<\/strong><\/p><p>A seminal development in this flurry of activity was the \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.aps.org\/prl\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.114.158101\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">thermodynamic uncertainty relation<\/a>,\u00a0\u00bb defined in 2015 by researchers at the Universit\u00e4t Stuttgart in Germany. They showed that the precision of a system&rsquo;s final state increased with the amount of energy needed to shift it. (These theorems generally refer to small systems where thermal dynamics cause significant fluctuations). Meanwhile, in\u00a0quantum physics, another seminal development had placed a\u00a0speed limit\u00a0on how fast you could achieve the kinds of manipulations of quantum states that are used for quantum computation. \u00ab\u00a0Our work was born in the effort of joining these two research lines,\u00a0\u00bb says postdoctoral researcher <a href=\"https:\/\/wwwfr.uni.lu\/recherche\/fstm\/dphyms\/people\/gianmaria_falasco\" target=\"_self\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">Gianmaria Falasco<\/a>.<\/p><p>As they applied themselves to this work, Falasco and Esposito noticed that most studies considered how a system can change its state, but real physical systems performing tasks of interest are more likely to change the state of their surroundings instead by moving (or changing) energy or matter from one place (or form) to another. Take a radiator, essentially a pipe of hot water connecting the boiler to a cold room\u2014the radiator doesn&rsquo;t change its state, but it does heat the room. \u00ab\u00a0We arrived at our result turning this idea into math,\u00a0\u00bb says Falasco.<\/p><p>Once Falasco and Esposito had defined their systems in this way and applied the probability ratio defined in the\u00a0fluctuation theorems, they were able to define a disarmingly simple relationship describing the pay-off between the time taken to reach a different state and the energy dissipated (or entropy produced): <strong>The product of the average time and the energy dissipated can never be less than the value of one of the universal constants of nature, the Boltzmann constant<\/strong>.<\/p><p>See this relation written out, and it bears a fascinating resemblance to Heisenberg&rsquo;s uncertainty relations for the precision by which a quantum system&rsquo;s energy and time or momentum and position can be predicted from initial conditions\u2014the product of these quantities can never be less than half of Planck&rsquo;s constant. \u00ab\u00a0So the analogy is very striking and intriguing,\u00a0\u00bb says Esposito. Gaining a better understanding of what significance if any the similarity bears will be the focus of future work in this field.<\/p><p>Article \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.aps.org\/prl\/accepted\/96072YafC1c1fb6a11a09d47de1eebb1b192da9e5\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">The dissipation-time uncertainty relation<\/a>\u00ab\u00a0, Physical Review Letters, August 2020<\/p><p><i>Author:\u00a0Anna Demming initally published\u00a0on <a href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2020-08-physicists-pin-entropy.html\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">Phys.org<\/a>\u00a0; Credit for the picture: pxfuel<\/i><\/p><\/div><\/section>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Researchers Massimiliano Esposito and Gianmaria Falasco from the Department of Physics and Materials Science at the University of Luxembourg have developed a valuable tool to manipulate non-equilibrium systems. Their findings have been recently published in the renowned journal Physical Review Letters.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":331,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"featured_image_focal_point":[],"show_featured_caption":false,"ulux_newsletter_groups":"","uluxPostTitle":"","uluxPrePostTitle":"","_trash_the_other_posts":false,"_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_tribe_ticket_capacity":"0","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false},"news-category":[3],"news-topic":[20],"organisation":[75,24],"authorship":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.3 (Yoast SEO v22.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Physicists pin down the pay off between speed and entropy - FSTM actualit\u00e9s I Universit\u00e9 du Luxembourg<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Researchers Massimiliano Esposito and Gianmaria Falasco from the Department of Physics and Materials Science at the University of Luxembourg have developed a valuable tool to manipulate non-equilibrium systems. 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