{"id":3125,"date":"2023-08-29T12:38:48","date_gmt":"2023-08-29T10:38:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fstm-en\/?post_type=research-groups&#038;p=3125"},"modified":"2025-06-18T11:49:08","modified_gmt":"2025-06-18T09:49:08","slug":"equipment","status":"publish","type":"research-groups","link":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fstm-en\/research-groups\/laboratory-for-photovoltaics\/equipment\/","title":{"rendered":"Equipment"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"section py-0 static\">\n<section class=\"py-0 wp-block-unilux-blocks-free-section section\"><div class=\"container xl:max-w-screen-xl\"><!-- SecondaryNavigationMirror --><div class=\"js-secondary-nav--sticky wp-block-unilux-blocks-secondary-navigation\" id=\"9e2916c4-71b2-4190-9a83-43307a664015\">\n    <nav id=\"secondary-navigation\" role=\"navigation\" aria-label=\"Secondary menu\" class=\"secondary-nav\">\n        <button class=\"secondary-nav__button btn btn-solid--primary w-full\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"secondary-navigation__list\" title=\"The selected page is Our equipment\" type=\"button\">\n            <span class=\"btn__name mr-auto\">Our equipment<\/span>\n            <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--xs\">\n                <use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-down\" \/>\n            <\/svg>\n        <\/button>\n\n        <ul id=\"secondary-navigation__list\" class=\"secondary-nav__list\">\n            <li class=\"secondary-nav__item\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fstm-en\/research-groups\/laboratory-for-photovoltaics\/\" target=\"\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" class=\"secondary-nav__link \">\n        <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--xs\">\n            <use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\" \/>\n        <\/svg>\n        <span class=\"secondary-nav__name\">Overview<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"secondary-nav__item\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fstm-en\/research-groups\/laboratory-for-photovoltaics\/research\/\" target=\"\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" class=\"secondary-nav__link \">\n        <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--xs\">\n            <use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\" \/>\n        <\/svg>\n        <span class=\"secondary-nav__name\">Research<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"secondary-nav__item\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fstm-en\/research-groups\/laboratory-for-photovoltaics\/people\/\" target=\"\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" class=\"secondary-nav__link \">\n        <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--xs\">\n            <use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\" \/>\n        <\/svg>\n        <span class=\"secondary-nav__name\">People<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"secondary-nav__item\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fstm-en\/research-groups\/laboratory-for-photovoltaics\/equipment\/\" target=\"\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" class=\"secondary-nav__link isactived\" aria-current=\"page\">\n        <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--xs\">\n            <use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\" \/>\n        <\/svg>\n        <span class=\"secondary-nav__name\">Our equipment<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"secondary-nav__item\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fstm-en\/research-groups\/laboratory-for-photovoltaics\/join-us\/\" target=\"\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" class=\"secondary-nav__link \">\n        <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--xs\">\n            <use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\" \/>\n        <\/svg>\n        <span class=\"secondary-nav__name\">Join us<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n<\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n    <\/nav>\n<\/div>\n<!-- end SecondaryNavigationMirror --><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"section section wp-block-unilux-blocks-headline-text-and-image\">\n    \n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-wrapper container xl:max-w-screen-xl\">\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-unilux-blocks-heading\"        id=\"our-equipment\"\n    >\nOur Equipment<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-wrapper flex flex-wrap lg:-mx-32\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-wrapper w-full lg:w-7\/12 lg:order-2 lg:px-32\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-image-video-wrapper\">\n    <figure class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image  object-fit--cover\">\n    \n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-image unilux-custom-image-block\"\n                alt=\"\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/09\/LPV-our_labs-growing_our_absorbers_12AqriV.jpg\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/09\/LPV-our_labs-growing_our_absorbers_12AqriV-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/09\/LPV-our_labs-growing_our_absorbers_12AqriV-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/09\/LPV-our_labs-growing_our_absorbers_12AqriV-768x511.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/09\/LPV-our_labs-growing_our_absorbers_12AqriV.jpg 1500w\"\n                style=\"object-position: 50.00% 50.00%; font-family: &quot;object-fit: cover; object-position: 50.00% 50.00%;&quot;; aspect-ratio: 3\/2; object-fit: cover; width: 100%;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n\/>    <\/figure><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-wrapper w-full lg:w-5\/12 lg:order-1 lg:px-32\">\n<p>Our work consists of two main parts: <strong>growing absorbers for thin film solar cells<\/strong>, and <strong>determining their efficiency<\/strong>.<br>The latter is a crucial step in which we perform a detailed analysis of the optical and electronic properties of the solar cells. By measuring these properties, we can <strong>identify where energy losses occur and develop strategies to improve the performance of the absorbers<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-custom-buttons btn-list\"><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-free-section section\"><div class=\"container xl:max-w-screen-xl\"><div class=\"content-card content-card--right content-card__overlay--hidden wp-block-unilux-blocks-content-card\">\n    \n<h2 class=\"content-card__heading has-text-align-left wp-block-unilux-blocks-heading\"        id=\"growing-our-absorbers\"\n    >\nGrowing our absorbers<\/h2>\n<div class=\"content-card__visual wp-block-unilux-blocks-content-card-visual-area\">\n    \n<section class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-image-video-wrapper\">\n    <figure class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image  object-fit--cover\">\n    \n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-image unilux-custom-image-block\"\n                alt=\"\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/08\/LPV-our_labs-growing_our_absorbers_2.jpg\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/08\/LPV-our_labs-growing_our_absorbers_2-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/08\/LPV-our_labs-growing_our_absorbers_2-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/08\/LPV-our_labs-growing_our_absorbers_2-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/08\/LPV-our_labs-growing_our_absorbers_2-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/08\/LPV-our_labs-growing_our_absorbers_2.jpg 2000w\"\n                style=\"object-position: 53.00% 91.00%; font-family: &quot;object-fit: cover; object-position: 53.00% 91.00%;&quot;; aspect-ratio: 3\/2; object-fit: cover; width: 100%;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n\/>    <\/figure><\/section>\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-wrapper content-card__overlay\">\n<a class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-button-highlight-rounded bottom-left\" \n    href=\"#\"\n    target=\"_self\"\n>\n    \n<span class=\"btn-highlight-rounded__name wp-block-unilux-blocks-plain-text\"><\/span>    <span class=\"icon-rounded\">\n        <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--arrow-right icon--lg\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\"><\/use><\/svg>    <\/span>\n<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"content-card__body  wp-block-unilux-blocks-content-card-free-area\">\n    \n<p>In our laboratory, we <strong>grow the absorbers for our solar cells<\/strong> completely from scratch, starting with a bare Soda-Lime substrate. To achieve this, we utilize three high-vacuum systems that allow for the co- evaporation of elements or compounds. Additionally, we use a tube furnace to anneal precursor films, and for the growth of epitaxial films, we rely on metal-organic vapour phase epitaxy (MOCVD).<\/p>\n\n<p>processes. We utilize a <strong>sputter machine<\/strong> for the metal backcontact, as well as for depositing the ZnO conductive window layer at the front of the cell. To create various buffer materials, we employ<strong> chemical bath deposition<\/strong>. Lastly, we use an <strong>electron beam evaporator <\/strong>for the deposition of metal grids. <\/p>\n\n<p>Through these various techniques and machines, we are able to <strong>control the growth and composition of our solar cell absorbers to optimize their performance<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-free-section section\"><div class=\"container xl:max-w-screen-xl\"><div class=\"content-card content-card--right content-card__overlay--hidden wp-block-unilux-blocks-content-card\">\n    \n<h2 class=\"content-card__heading has-text-align-left wp-block-unilux-blocks-heading\"        id=\"photoluminescence\"\n    >\nPhotoluminescence<\/h2>\n<div class=\"content-card__visual wp-block-unilux-blocks-content-card-visual-area\">\n    \n<section class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-image-video-wrapper\">\n    <figure class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image  object-fit--cover\">\n    \n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-image unilux-custom-image-block\"\n                alt=\"\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/08\/LPV-our_labs-Photoluminescence_1.jpg\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/08\/LPV-our_labs-Photoluminescence_1-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/08\/LPV-our_labs-Photoluminescence_1-1024x675.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/08\/LPV-our_labs-Photoluminescence_1-768x506.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/08\/LPV-our_labs-Photoluminescence_1-1536x1013.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/08\/LPV-our_labs-Photoluminescence_1.jpg 2000w\"\n                style=\"object-position: 50.00% 50.00%; font-family: &quot;object-fit: cover; object-position: 50.00% 50.00%;&quot;; aspect-ratio: 3\/2; object-fit: cover; width: 100%;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n\/>    <\/figure><\/section>\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-wrapper content-card__overlay\">\n<a class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-button-highlight-rounded bottom-left\" \n    href=\"#\"\n    target=\"_self\"\n>\n    \n<span class=\"btn-highlight-rounded__name wp-block-unilux-blocks-plain-text\"><\/span>    <span class=\"icon-rounded\">\n        <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--arrow-right icon--lg\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\"><\/use><\/svg>    <\/span>\n<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"content-card__body  wp-block-unilux-blocks-content-card-free-area\">\n    \n<p>Our in-house built photoluminescence system is interchangeable between various continious wave lasers with different wavelengths in the visible range, including a supercontinuum white laser used as excitation sources. This system enables <strong>intensity and spectral calibration<\/strong> as well as <strong>micrometer spatial resolution<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n<p>We are able to <strong>measure solar cell absorbers<\/strong> at ambient temperature and atmosphere or in a cryostat under vacuum, capable of cooling down to 10K, and in a reaction chamber which can heat up to 400K.<\/p>\n\n<p>Additionally, we <strong>utilize time-correlated single photon counting<\/strong> with a picosecond pulsed laser for time-resolved photoluminescence analysis.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-free-section section\"><div class=\"container xl:max-w-screen-xl\"><div class=\"content-card content-card--right content-card__overlay--hidden wp-block-unilux-blocks-content-card\">\n    \n<h2 class=\"content-card__heading has-text-align-left wp-block-unilux-blocks-heading\"        id=\"photospectrometer\"\n    >\nPhotospectrometer<\/h2>\n<div class=\"content-card__visual wp-block-unilux-blocks-content-card-visual-area\">\n    \n<section class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-image-video-wrapper\">\n    <figure class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image  object-fit--cover\">\n    \n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-image unilux-custom-image-block\"\n                alt=\"\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/08\/LPV-our_labs-photospectrometer_1.jpg\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/08\/LPV-our_labs-photospectrometer_1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/08\/LPV-our_labs-photospectrometer_1-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/08\/LPV-our_labs-photospectrometer_1-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/08\/LPV-our_labs-photospectrometer_1-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/08\/LPV-our_labs-photospectrometer_1.jpg 2000w\"\n                style=\"object-position: 50.00% 50.00%; font-family: &quot;object-fit: cover; object-position: 50.00% 50.00%;&quot;; aspect-ratio: 3\/2; object-fit: cover; width: 100%;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n\/>    <\/figure><\/section>\n<div class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-wrapper content-card__overlay\">\n<a class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-button-highlight-rounded bottom-left\" \n    href=\"#\"\n    target=\"_self\"\n>\n    \n<span class=\"btn-highlight-rounded__name wp-block-unilux-blocks-plain-text\"><\/span>    <span class=\"icon-rounded\">\n        <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--arrow-right icon--lg\"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\"><\/use><\/svg>    <\/span>\n<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"content-card__body  wp-block-unilux-blocks-content-card-free-area\">\n    \n<p>We have an integrating sphere photospectrometer and a variable-angle spectral ellipsometer available to accurately <strong>measure the optical properties of thin film solar cells<\/strong>. To <strong>determine key parameters<\/strong> such as short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage and efficiency, we investigate the cells using current-voltage characteristics under an AAA solar simulator.<br>Additionally, we <strong>measure the spectral quantum efficiency<\/strong> of the current and <strong>examine the activation energies<\/strong> at different temperatures.<br>To understand the impact of defects and doping on performance, we <strong>measure the capacitance of the devices<\/strong> at different temperatures, voltages and frequencies ranging from 100 Hz to a few MHz.<br>Furthermore, a Hall system with a 9T magnet enables us to <strong>determine doping densities and electron mobilities<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"section section wp-block-unilux-blocks-quick-link-discover-section\">\n    <div class=\"container xl:max-w-screen-xl\">\n        \n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-unilux-blocks-heading\"        id=\"discover-more\"\n    >\nDiscover more<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-quick-link-discover quick-link-list\">\n<li class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-quick-link-discover-item\">\n    <a\n                    href=\"https:\/\/www.fnr.lu\/#\"\n                    class=\"quick-link\"\n            target=\"_blank\"\n    >\n            <span class=\"quick-link__container\">\n                <span class=\"quick-link__text\">\n                    FNR                <\/span>\n                <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--external-link \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--external-link\"><\/use><\/svg>            <\/span>\n    <\/a>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-quick-link-discover-item\">\n    <a\n                    href=\"https:\/\/www.materialvetenskap.uu.se\/solar-cell-technology\/\"\n                    class=\"quick-link\"\n            target=\"_blank\"\n    >\n            <span class=\"quick-link__container\">\n                <span class=\"quick-link__text\">\n                    Uppsala University &#8211; SCT                <\/span>\n                <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--external-link \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--external-link\"><\/use><\/svg>            <\/span>\n    <\/a>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-quick-link-discover-item\">\n    <a\n                    href=\"https:\/\/www.avancis.de\"\n                    class=\"quick-link\"\n            target=\"_blank\"\n    >\n            <span class=\"quick-link__container\">\n                <span class=\"quick-link__text\">\n                    Avancis                <\/span>\n                <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--external-link \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--external-link\"><\/use><\/svg>            <\/span>\n    <\/a>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n<\/section><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Our work consists of two main parts: growing absorbers for thin film solar cells, and determining their efficiency.<br \/>\nThe latter is a crucial step in which we perform a detailed analysis of the optical and electronic properties of the solar cells. By measuring these properties, we can identify where energy losses occur and develop strategies to improve the performance of the absorbers.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":0,"parent":3709,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"featured_image_focal_point":[],"show_featured_caption":false,"ulux_newsletter_groups":"","uluxPostTitle":"Laboratory for Photovoltaics","uluxPrePostTitle":"Research Group","_trash_the_other_posts":false,"_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_tribe_ticket_capacity":"0","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false},"field-of-interest":[],"organisation":[],"authorship":[33,105,103,200,201,101,346],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.3 (Yoast SEO v22.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Equipment Laboratory for Photovoltaics - Laboratory for Photovoltaics - FSTM research group I University of Luxembourg<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Our work consists of two main parts: growing absorbers for thin film solar cells, and determining their efficiency. The latter is a crucial step in which we perform a detailed analysis of the optical and electronic properties of the solar cells. By measuring these properties, we can identify where energy losses occur and develop strategies to improve the performance of the absorbers.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fstm-en\/research-groups\/laboratory-for-photovoltaics\/equipment\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Equipment\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Our work consists of two main parts: growing absorbers for thin film solar cells, and determining their efficiency. The latter is a crucial step in which we perform a detailed analysis of the optical and electronic properties of the solar cells. 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