{"id":7967,"date":"2024-04-30T14:14:09","date_gmt":"2024-04-30T12:14:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fhse-en\/?post_type=research-projects&#038;p=7967"},"modified":"2026-01-14T12:14:47","modified_gmt":"2026-01-14T11:14:47","slug":"structural-concept","status":"publish","type":"research-projects","link":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fhse-en\/research-projects\/petite-maison\/structural-concept\/","title":{"rendered":"Structural concept"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"section py-0 static\">\n<section class=\"py-0 wp-block-unilux-blocks-free-section section\"><div class=\"container xl:max-w-screen-xl\"><!-- SecondaryNavigationMirror --><div class=\"js-secondary-nav--sticky wp-block-unilux-blocks-secondary-navigation\" id=\"d3065296-9a29-4e42-a505-3b44d3ed3a28\">\n    <nav id=\"secondary-navigation\" role=\"navigation\" aria-label=\"Secondary menu\" class=\"secondary-nav\">\n        <button class=\"secondary-nav__button btn btn-solid--primary w-full\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"secondary-navigation__list\" title=\"The selected page is Structural concept\" type=\"button\">\n            <span class=\"btn__name mr-auto\">Structural concept<\/span>\n            <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--xs\">\n                <use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-down\" \/>\n            <\/svg>\n        <\/button>\n\n        <ul id=\"secondary-navigation__list\" class=\"secondary-nav__list\">\n            <li class=\"secondary-nav__item\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fhse-en\/research-projects\/petite-maison\/\" target=\"\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" class=\"secondary-nav__link \">\n        <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--xs\">\n            <use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\" \/>\n        <\/svg>\n        <span class=\"secondary-nav__name\">Overview<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"secondary-nav__item\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fhse-en\/research-projects\/petite-maison\/architectural-concept\/\" target=\"\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" class=\"secondary-nav__link \">\n        <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--xs\">\n            <use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\" \/>\n        <\/svg>\n        <span class=\"secondary-nav__name\">Architectural concept<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"secondary-nav__item\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fhse-en\/research-projects\/petite-maison\/structural-concept\/\" target=\"\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" class=\"secondary-nav__link isactived\" aria-current=\"page\">\n        <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--xs\">\n            <use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\" \/>\n        <\/svg>\n        <span class=\"secondary-nav__name\">Structural concept<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"secondary-nav__item\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fhse-en\/research-projects\/petite-maison\/gallery\/\" target=\"\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" class=\"secondary-nav__link \">\n        <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--xs\">\n            <use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\" \/>\n        <\/svg>\n        <span class=\"secondary-nav__name\">Gallery<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"secondary-nav__item\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fhse-en\/research-projects\/petite-maison\/partners-outreach\/\" target=\"\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" class=\"secondary-nav__link \">\n        <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--xs\">\n            <use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\" \/>\n        <\/svg>\n        <span class=\"secondary-nav__name\">Partners &amp; outreach<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n<\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n    <\/nav>\n<\/div>\n<!-- end SecondaryNavigationMirror --><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-free-section section\"><div class=\"container xl:max-w-screen-xl\">\n<h1 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-unilux-blocks-heading\"        id=\"structural-concept\"\n    >\nStructural concept<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>The structural system of the \u201cPetite Maison\u201d was developed based on the findings of a research project entitled \u201cREDUCE \u2013 Reuse and demountability using steel structures and the circular economy\u201d which was funded by the Research Fund for Coal and Steel (RFCS) with Grant Agreement No. 710040. Both investigations of \u201cREDUCE\u201d and \u201cPetite Maison\u201d targeted the development and demonstration of circular, demountable, and reusable structural elements and systems for a circular economy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ideally, a structural system should be designed in a way that is easily demountable with its elements reusable in a wide array of use applications (commercial, office, multi-storey) over multiple reuse life cycles. A considerable reduction of greenhouse gas emissions may be achieved from the development and wide adoption of reusable structural elements and systems, with the promotion of the European Green Deal and the Taxonomy Regulation in the construction sector.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><figure class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image  object-fit--contain\">\n    \n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-image unilux-custom-image-block\"\n                alt=\"\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/image-2.png\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/image-2-300x183.png 300w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/image-2.png 491w\"\n                style=\"object-position: 50.00% 50.00%; font-family: &quot;object-fit: contain; object-position: 50.00% 50.00%;&quot;; aspect-ratio: 16\/9; object-fit: contain; width: 100%;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n\/>    <\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><figure class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image  object-fit--cover\">\n    \n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-image unilux-custom-image-block\"\n                alt=\"\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-1c-3D2-scaled.jpg\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-1c-3D2-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-1c-3D2-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-1c-3D2-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-1c-3D2-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-1c-3D2-2048x1535.jpg 2048w\"\n                style=\"object-position: 50.00% 50.00%; font-family: &quot;object-fit: cover; object-position: 50.00% 50.00%;&quot;; aspect-ratio: 16\/9; object-fit: cover; width: 100%;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n\/>    <\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The design of the structural system of the \u201cPetite Maison\u201d has considered important factors identified for design for deconstruction and reuse. The design philosophy was, to separate the main structure into elements of steel columns, steel beams, precast concrete slabs, to assemble these elements onsite and later disassemble them for reuse elsewhere. These elements should be suitable for transportation and lifting with a usual crane, and the assembly and disassembly process should be easy and fast. In a functional unit \u201cfloorings system\u201d of the designed structure, beam and slabs are assembled with demountable and replaceable bolts as shear connectors. Columns and beams are linked with adjustable steel connections. Other parts of the structure like timber roofing and the walls should also be demountable. When the function of the building with demountable and reusable systems is to be changed; or, the building is finishing its service life, it will be deconstructed, and the elements must be checked for integrity. They can be used elsewhere in another construction project afterwards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The objectives of the \u201cPetite Maison\u201d project were:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"ulux-list\">\n<li class=\"ulux-list-item\">to realize the concept of circular, demountable, and reusable construction in a pilot project,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"ulux-list-item\">to design a completely demountable and reusable building structure and design the elements in a way that maximizes their potential in reuse,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"ulux-list-item\">to propose and organise a system of \u201cStructural KITs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"ulux-list-item\">to investigate the suitability of links between each element and their virtual database to facilitate reuse, tracking, storage of geometry, loads, use history data, and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"ulux-list-item\">to demonstrate three phases of the structure, namely construction-, use- and deconstruction phase, and relevant findings of the RFCS Research Project \u201cREDUCE\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><figure class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image  object-fit--contain\">\n    \n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-image unilux-custom-image-block\"\n                alt=\"\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/image-3.png\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/image-3-300x207.png 300w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/image-3.png 434w\"\n                style=\"object-position: 50.00% 50.00%; font-family: &quot;object-fit: contain; object-position: 50.00% 50.00%;&quot;; aspect-ratio: 16\/9; object-fit: contain; width: 100%;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n\/>    <\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;REDUCE\u201d investigated methodologies, tools, and guidance to assist in design for deconstruction and reuse, particularly of composite steel structures for multi-storey buildings. The outcomes should lead to new constructional methods and design configurations including connection systems for demountable composite construction, based on (i) numerical simulations, (ii) laboratory test campaigns, and (iii) analytical investigations including methods to predict load bearing capacities and deformation behaviour. The quantification of whole life benefits of structures using the developed demountable and reusable systems were performed in this project, using Life Cycle Assessment and circular economy indicators. Opportunities for greater standardization and the use of BIM were explored to facilitate disassembly and reuse instead of demolishing and recycling and\/or downcycling. A demonstration of demountability of the developed system was planned as well as guidance on design for deconstruction and reuse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During the project phase, it was identified that a system for easy disassembly and reuse must consider the following factors. This leads to the development of reuse of functional structural elements like beams, columns, floor slabs, and the considerations of prefabrication and sizing of these elements for (dis)assembly, lifting and transportation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"ulux-list\">\n<li class=\"ulux-list-item\">The design must, as far as possible, follow the normal structural guidelines, for example the Eurocodes. It should differ from the codes only where absolutely needed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"ulux-list-item\">The design must close the loop as tight as possible.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"ulux-list-item\">The structural system should be robust, demountable, modular, standardised, and with structural grids that respect a standard module size. This could be for example a grid that that is based on the multiples of 1.35 m or 1.5 m.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><figure class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image  object-fit--contain\">\n    \n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-image unilux-custom-image-block\"\n                alt=\"\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Screenshot-2024-05-06-094027.png\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Screenshot-2024-05-06-094027-300x97.png 300w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Screenshot-2024-05-06-094027-1024x332.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Screenshot-2024-05-06-094027-768x249.png 768w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Screenshot-2024-05-06-094027.png 1246w\"\n                style=\"object-position: 50.00% 50.00%; font-family: &quot;object-fit: contain; object-position: 50.00% 50.00%;&quot;; aspect-ratio: 16\/9; object-fit: contain; width: 100%;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n\/>    <\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The KIT \u201csteel beam\u201d with steel joint, designed for adjustability, demountability and reusability<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The system uses standardised nominal beam lengths that are suitable for a wide range of supporting members within the same planning<br>grid. At the ends of the beam L-shaped connection pieces are provided with long slotted holes. These allow to push and draw back the<br>connection element to fit and connect with supporting members with different dimensions. This makes the beam extendable; and therefore,<br>its length adjustable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><figure class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image  object-fit--cover\">\n    \n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-image unilux-custom-image-block\"\n                alt=\"\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-4c-026-DSCF2090-scaled.jpg\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-4c-026-DSCF2090-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-4c-026-DSCF2090-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-4c-026-DSCF2090-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-4c-026-DSCF2090-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-4c-026-DSCF2090-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\"\n                style=\"object-position: 50.00% 50.00%; font-family: &quot;object-fit: cover; object-position: 50.00% 50.00%;&quot;; aspect-ratio: 4\/3; object-fit: cover; width: 100%;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n\/>    <\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><figure class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image  object-fit--cover\">\n    \n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-image unilux-custom-image-block\"\n                alt=\"\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-5-Bauskasten_1-FOR-PCDS-scaled.jpg\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-5-Bauskasten_1-FOR-PCDS-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-5-Bauskasten_1-FOR-PCDS-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-5-Bauskasten_1-FOR-PCDS-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-5-Bauskasten_1-FOR-PCDS-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-5-Bauskasten_1-FOR-PCDS-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\"\n                style=\"object-position: 14.00% 80.00%; font-family: &quot;object-fit: cover; object-position: 14.00% 80.00%;&quot;; aspect-ratio: 4\/3; object-fit: cover; width: 100%;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n\/>    <\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"thumbnail  wp-block-unilux-blocks-thumbnail-video\">\n    <div class=\"card bg-theme p-0\">\n        <div class=\"card__container p-0\">\n            <div class=\"card__body p-0\">\n                <iframe \n            src=\"\" \n            title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" \n            allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" \n            style=\"object-position: 50% 50%; aspect-ratio: 16\/9; object-fit: cover; width: 100%;\"\n            allowfullscreen data-cookieconsent=\"ignore\">\n            <\/iframe>                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The KIT \u201cconcrete slab element\u201d, designed for demountability and reusability\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The concrete slab element is also bundled as a KIT together with bolted connections. The figure shows half of the cylinder tube embedded<br>in a concrete slab with holes in the top and bottom plates for installation of a bolt to connect the beam and the slab. The numerical<br>modelling result shows the stress contour of the bolted connection after the test with the application of a large deformation by the hydraulic<br>jack.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><figure class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image  object-fit--contain\">\n    \n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-image unilux-custom-image-block\"\n                alt=\"\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-6a-IMG_1536-scaled.jpg\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-6a-IMG_1536-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-6a-IMG_1536-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-6a-IMG_1536-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-6a-IMG_1536-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-6a-IMG_1536-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\"\n                style=\"object-position: 50.00% 50.00%; font-family: &quot;object-fit: contain; object-position: 50.00% 50.00%;&quot;; aspect-ratio: 4\/3; object-fit: contain; width: 100%;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n\/>    <\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><figure class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image  object-fit--contain\">\n    \n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-image unilux-custom-image-block\"\n                alt=\"\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/image-15.png\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/image-15-300x224.png 300w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/image-15.png 401w\"\n                style=\"object-position: 50.00% 50.00%; font-family: &quot;object-fit: contain; object-position: 50.00% 50.00%;&quot;; aspect-ratio: 4\/3; object-fit: contain; width: 100%;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n\/>    <\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"thumbnail  wp-block-unilux-blocks-thumbnail-video\">\n    <div class=\"card bg-theme p-0\">\n        <div class=\"card__container p-0\">\n            <div class=\"card__body p-0\">\n                <iframe \n            src=\"\" \n            title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" \n            allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" \n            style=\"object-position: 50% 50%; aspect-ratio: 16\/9; object-fit: cover; width: 100%;\"\n            allowfullscreen data-cookieconsent=\"ignore\">\n            <\/iframe>                            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The Grid system<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The chosen grid system provides an axial reference system for the skeleton of the structure. This means that the axis of the steel beams are<br>positioned on the grid lines, while the columns are placed in the intersection points of the grid lines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Columns and other vertical elements, which are of structural<br>and load bearing nature, are allowed only to be arranged at<br>the intersection points of the grid lines, which have a<br>spacing of 1.35 m.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><figure class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image  object-fit--contain\">\n    \n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-image unilux-custom-image-block\"\n                alt=\"\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-8.png\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-8-300x173.png 300w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-8-1024x591.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-8-768x443.png 768w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-8.png 1347w\"\n                style=\"object-position: 50.00% 50.00%; font-family: &quot;object-fit: contain; object-position: 50.00% 50.00%;&quot;; aspect-ratio: 16\/9; object-fit: contain; width: 100%;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n\/>    <\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>The use of an axial reference system would result in overlaps<br>between the columns and the beams at the intersection of the grid lines. Usually, this is solved by cutting the beam with millimetre exactitude to fit between the columns. This also implies that the exact length of the beam depends on the size of the column.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is solved by using a standardized nominal beam length L = n x 1.35 \u2013 2 x 0.23 m, so the distance between the centreline of a<br>column to the end of an adjacent beam is fixed to 230 mm. The<br>remaining gap is bridged by the adjustable L-shaped connection<br>pieces with long slotted holes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><figure class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image  object-fit--contain\">\n    \n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-image unilux-custom-image-block\"\n                alt=\"\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-9b.png\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-9b-300x176.png 300w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-9b-1024x600.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-9b-768x450.png 768w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-9b-1536x900.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-9b.png 2039w\"\n                style=\"object-position: 50.00% 50.00%; font-family: &quot;object-fit: contain; object-position: 50.00% 50.00%;&quot;; aspect-ratio: 16\/9; object-fit: contain; width: 100%;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n\/>    <\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>The bolts are only allowed to be placed on two vertical lines with a<br>distance of 280 mm between the maxi grid and midi grid V1 and 250 mm between midi grid V1 to midi grid V2.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><figure class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image  object-fit--contain\">\n    \n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-image unilux-custom-image-block\"\n                alt=\"\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/image-11.png\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/image-11-300x179.png 300w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/image-11.png 590w\"\n                style=\"object-position: 50.00% 50.00%; font-family: &quot;object-fit: contain; object-position: 50.00% 50.00%;&quot;; aspect-ratio: 16\/9; object-fit: contain; width: 100%;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n\/>    <\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>The first bolt row is placed at 105 mm under the top surface of the beam for midi grid H1. The following rows always locate at 75 mm below the upper ones for the next rows below with midi grid H2.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><figure class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image  object-fit--contain\">\n    \n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-image unilux-custom-image-block\"\n                alt=\"\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/image-14.png\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/image-14-300x157.png 300w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/image-14.png 623w\"\n                style=\"object-position: 50.00% 50.00%; font-family: &quot;object-fit: contain; object-position: 50.00% 50.00%;&quot;; aspect-ratio: 16\/9; object-fit: contain; width: 100%;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n\/>    <\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In order to maximize the reuse potential, the need for remanufacturing in a potential reuse scenario should be minimized because that<br>implies additional work (meanly cutting and drilling) and the acceptance for reuse is reduced with each further manipulating step. This was<br>achieved by having.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"ulux-list\">\n<li class=\"ulux-list-item\">Standardized element dimensions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"ulux-list-item\">avoiding welds<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"ulux-list-item\">Providing pre-drilled holes in the midi-grids.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>All of these points are interrelated. Using a carefully chosen system of pre-drilled holes in standardized distances from each other (midi grids), the use of plates welded to the columns becomes unnecessary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hereunder you can find examples of of the tie bars of the cross-bracing connected to the beams and columns without additional<br>manufacturing at steel beam or steel column. These connections use the already existing pre-drilled holes in the column flanges as the<br>beam-to-column connections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><figure class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image  object-fit--cover\">\n    \n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-image unilux-custom-image-block\"\n                alt=\"\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-12a-DSCF2089-scaled.jpg\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-12a-DSCF2089-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-12a-DSCF2089-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-12a-DSCF2089-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-12a-DSCF2089-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/Figure-12a-DSCF2089-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\"\n                style=\"object-position: 50.00% 50.00%; font-family: &quot;object-fit: cover; object-position: 50.00% 50.00%;&quot;; aspect-ratio: 16\/9; object-fit: cover; width: 100%;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n\/>    <\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><figure class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image  object-fit--cover\">\n    \n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-image unilux-custom-image-block\"\n                alt=\"\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/image-13.png\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/image-13-300x197.png 300w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/04\/image-13.png 458w\"\n                style=\"object-position: 26.00% 6.00%; font-family: &quot;object-fit: cover; object-position: 26.00% 6.00%;&quot;; aspect-ratio: 16\/9; object-fit: cover; width: 100%;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n\/>    <\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"ulux-list\">\n<li class=\"ulux-list-item\"><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":0,"parent":6930,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"featured_image_focal_point":[],"show_featured_caption":false,"ulux_newsletter_groups":"","uluxPostTitle":"","uluxPrePostTitle":"","_trash_the_other_posts":false,"_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_tribe_ticket_capacity":"0","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false,"rpp_rp_identifier":"6927","rpp_taxonomies_in_sync":true},"research-project-status":[272],"research-project-type":[270],"field-of-interest":[286],"organisation":[149,147],"authorship":[44,218,135,127,348],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.3 (Yoast SEO v22.3) - 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