{"id":23780,"date":"2026-03-23T14:08:19","date_gmt":"2026-03-23T13:08:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fdef-en\/?post_type=news&p=23780"},"modified":"2026-04-17T11:12:47","modified_gmt":"2026-04-17T09:12:47","slug":"inside-criticl-uncovering-bias-in-european-criminal-justice","status":"publish","type":"news","link":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fdef-en\/news\/inside-criticl-uncovering-bias-in-european-criminal-justice\/","title":{"rendered":"Uncovering Bias in European Criminal Justice"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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\u201cAll are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law.\u201d – Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 7<\/em>.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

But are we all truly equal in the eyes of the law?  The hypothesis of postdoctoral researcher Ashlee Beazley is that an accused\u2019s identity plays a role in how they are treated by the criminal justice system, and she sets out to find answers.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Using a comparative and interdisciplinary approach, Dr Beazley studies hidden biases and veiled discrimination in criminal justice, across four European jurisdictions (Belgium, France, Ireland and Luxembourg) to determine whether the law has been universally and fairly applied to all accused, regardless of characteristics such as a person\u2019s ethnic origin, gender, social class, sexuality, etc.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nJustice for me, but not for thee?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Critical race and intersectional theories (CRIT) developed in the United States as a way to explain that the law is not, in fact, as neutral or objective as it appears. It stipulates that discrimination\u2014whether on basis of race or a combination (intersection) of identity characteristics\u2014is not only linked to personal opinions and actions, but is also structurally present within public institutions, such as the education system, the healthcare system, or the (criminal) justice system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\n \u201f<\/span>\n \u201cThe idea of the State treating people differently is difficult to swallow. We all want to believe that rules have an inherent rationality<\/em>\u201d\n<\/blockquote>\n
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Ashlee Beazley<\/p>\n\n\n

Postdoctoral researcher <\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n <\/figure>\n <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n

Scholars in the United States, where Dr Beazley is currently completing a research stay at UC Berkeley, have demonstrated that defendants from minority communities are more likely to be subject to questioning by police or forceful arrest; they are also more likely to be placed in pre-trial detention (i.e. not be given bail), be given harsher sentences, be convicted, and have reduced access to legal assistance. Despite the likelihood of such inequality occurring in other jurisdictions, criminal law in Europe has largely remained unexamined through a CRIT lens.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dr Beazley hopes to shed light on this neglected topic. \u201cIn criminal law, the presumption of innocence is core tenant,\u201d she says. \u201cThe idea of the State treating people differently is difficult to swallow. We are uncomfortable as academics and legal actors with the idea that the law is neither reliable nor fair,\u201d Dr Beazley continues. \u201cYet the law is sometimes unfair, and it is important to understand when it is, and why this occurs.\u201d  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nEmpirical research through a lens of comparative law<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Dr Beazley will run two case studies, supported by empirical data and records of judicial decisions. One of these case studies will look into assessments of flight risk of individuals charged with criminal offending, and the effect of this assessment on the resulting decision for (or against) pretrial detention. Could a suspect\u2019s ethnicity, for example, have a bearing on the degree of flight risk determined by the court? Another case study will look at the use of digital technology in criminal proceedings, and how the availability of this\u2014particularly videoconferencing technology\u2014impacts a defendant\u2019s right to be \u201cpresent\u201d at their own proceedings. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The comparative approach is important to Dr Beazley, who has made comparative law a cornerstone of her legal academic career. \u201cWe challenge our own presumptions and ideas by comparing, we nuance our understanding and we learn,\u201d she explains. Within the European Union, for example, despite the introduction of common minimum standards for defence rights such as the procedural rights directives, national justice systems continue to bear the mark of their own history and culture. These marks affect how they both perceive and apply their laws.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

This heterogeneity allows researchers such as Dr Beazley to study the different legal frameworks, compare their rationales and examining how the rules and procedures are applied in practice. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\n \u201f<\/span>\n \u201cThere is no one-size-fits-all approach to solving problems, and legal systems can learn from each other.\u201d\n<\/blockquote>\n
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\nProtect and sanction, equally<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe legal system exists for us\u2014it provides us with rules that allow us to live with each other. It protects us, and it punishes us when we break these rules,\u201d Dr Beazley says. \u201cIt is important, in criminal law especially, where the consequences can be serious and life-altering, that we can be confident that a person convicted received a fair and just process, and that their sentence\u2014 punishment\u2014 is justified because of their wrongdoing.\u201d   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe law is a social construct. It us, the humans behind it, who develop the rules by which we apply and analyse the law.\u201d With these words, Dr Beazley touches at the heart of critical race and intersectional theories. As much as we may not want to believe that the criminal justice system is arbitrary and can be manipulated, we must also acknowledge research suggests that not all people who experience the legal system are treated the same. Through her project, this is what Dr Beazley has set out to do: face the uncomfortable idea that the scale may be weighted, and Lady Justice may not be so blind.    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Her project Critical Race and Intersectional Theory In (Comparative) Criminal Law or CRITICL is funded through a European Union Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions (MSCA) grant<\/a> and led under the mentorship of Criminal Law Professor Silvia Allegrezza. <\/p>\n\n\n

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\n \n \n More about Dr Beazley <\/span>\n\n <\/use><\/svg> <\/button>\n <\/h3>\n
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Ashlee Beazley is a Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie (MSCA) Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Luxembourg and a Research Associate at KU Leuven. Prior to joining Uni.lu, she was a Postdoctoral Research Associate, Teaching Assistant and Assistant Project Coordinator at the Faculty of Law and Criminology, KU Leuven, where she assisted in the coordination of a number of European Commission-funded consortium projects, including DigiRights (Digitialisation of Defence Rights in Criminal Proceedings). A former legal editor, Ashlee holds a PhD from the KU Leuven in Comparative Criminal Law and Procedure, a Master of Studies from the University of Oxford in British and European History, and conjoint Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws (with Honours) degrees from the University of Auckland. Her research interests include comparative criminal procedure, defence and fair trial rights, and legal history; at heart, she is an interdisciplinary and comparative scholar.  <\/p>\n\n

Ashlee\u2019s current MSCA-funded research project explores the application of Critical Race and Intersectional Theories (CRIT) to procedural defence rights in criminal proceedings.  <\/p>\n\n

Alongside her MSCA Postdoctoral Fellowship, Ashlee is also working on a monograph of her PhD thesis. Poor Defence Lawyering and Ineffective Defence Assistance: A Comparative Study of the Quality of Criminal Defence Representation<\/em> will be published with Hart (Bloomsbury Academic) in late 2026. <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":320,"featured_media":23781,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"featured_image_focal_point":{"x":0.4,"y":0.65},"show_featured_caption":false,"ulux_newsletter_groups":"","uluxPostTitle":"","uluxPrePostTitle":"","_trash_the_other_posts":false,"_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_tribe_ticket_capacity":"0","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false},"news-category":[418],"news-topic":[443],"organisation":[104,101],"authorship":[320],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nUncovering Bias in European Criminal Justice - 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