{"id":18589,"date":"2022-02-26T17:27:00","date_gmt":"2022-02-26T16:27:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fdef-en\/?post_type=news&p=18589"},"modified":"2025-02-25T16:21:04","modified_gmt":"2025-02-25T15:21:04","slug":"where-is-my-stuff-supply-chains-in-turbulent-times-ii","status":"publish","type":"news","link":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fdef-en\/news\/where-is-my-stuff-supply-chains-in-turbulent-times-ii\/","title":{"rendered":"Where is my stuff? Supply chains in turbulent times II"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\n

Shortages, delays, empty shelves, higher prices, stockpiling. The supply chain problems are mounting since the beginning of the pandemic and the effects are felt by almost every sector of the economy. Construction for instance was severely affected by drastic shortages of materials coupled with high steel and wood prices. The automotive sector still cannot deliver cars due to sustained chips shortages. This is a good time to reflect on what happened on current state of events.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prof. <\/i> from the <\/i> offers a comprehensive view from supply and production, logistics and transport to global policies, in these 3-parts series.<\/i>Benny Mantin<\/i>Luxembourg Centre for Logistics and Supply Chain Management<\/i><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Read Part 1: Production and supply<\/a>, the Bullwhip effect and how to avoid it<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nPart 2: Logistics & Transport<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Logistics.<\/strong> Global logistics is a pain point for many stakeholders in the industry. With shipping cost soaring, airfreight rates sky rocketing, and truck drivers heavily sought after, many firms are experiencing challenging trade-offs and have tough decisions to make: how to ship goods to their destinations? Does it make sense to pay more and expedite? Ultimately, given the higher shipping cost, who shall pay for the added cost?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The shipping<\/strong> industry is going through an arms race as container ships are getting larger and larger. The largest container ship at the moment is the HMM Algeciras with a jaw dropping capacity of 24,000 TEUs (Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit, the standard intermodal container). That\u2019s an increase of about 20% in 5 years only. This increase allows the vessels to ship goods at a lower operational cost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, this marks a magnificent degree of consolidation. There are only a handful of ports that can handle such large vessels. What we observe is a steady concentration of traffic at a small number of global ports. It should not come at a surprise that once a terminal closes down due to Covid (as was the case at Ningbo-Zhoushan\u2014the world\u2019s busiest cargo port) shockwaves are felt throughout. That is, long and complex supply chains that heavily rely on a limited number of distribution hubs are more susceptible to become bottlenecks when disruptions take place. And the current bottlenecks trigger excessive shipping rates. As one practitioner stated recently: \u201cWe now pay airfreight rates for ocean shipping\u201d. While different, the passenger airline industry has terminated its carrying capacity arms race recently (with a little help from Covid) as the A380 is now breathing one\u2019s last.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Similar to shipping, airfreight<\/strong> demand and rates are higher than ever. Earlier the industry benefited from the elimination of the under-the-belly capacity, that is the cargo space in passenger airplanes that disappeared once airborne passenger traffic grind to a halt during the early days of the pandemic. Now passenger flows are resuming, but nevertheless, airfreight is still the king. Given the excessive delays and higher rate in ocean shipping, air cargo carriers can continue enjoying the surge in demand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trucks<\/strong> offer a versatile and flexible door-to-door service. While attractive to shipping companies, truck driving is becoming less and less attractive as an employment opportunity. The decline in the number of truck drivers has been visible for a while, and Covid made things worse. Over the years, cost-saving measures have pushed firms to install sleeping cabins on their trucks and many drivers\u2014instead of spending the night at motels or hotels\u2014now end up staying in lay-bys for the weekend. This is accompanied by shrinking wage premiums, tough working conditions, and elimination of military Heavy Good Vehicles (HGV) licensees. This male dominated sector\u2014only 3% of drivers are female\u2014experiences severe shortages, with some estimating the need to amount to about 400,000 truck drivers in Europe alone. Relief can come through improvement of work conditions, investment in automation, smoothening of operations and reduction of dwell times, and possibly allowing higher capacity trucks on major highways.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

More importantly, trucks can and need to operate in better unison with rail. Rail is not flexible and requires major investments, but it can offer 24\/7 services and connect major nodes at higher speed, in particular distant nodes. The rail system in Europe has suffered from under-investment in the past decades and it still resembles a patchwork of connections. A functioning rail system should relax some of the restrictions currently in place (such as language requirements and constraints on number of wagons) and harmonise the network across the continent (such as the voltage and signaling system used) which is something the EU has been working on for more than two decades with limited progress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ultimately, the objective shall be to facilitate fast flows of cargo between major nodes in the European network from which it will be distributed via trucks to their final destinations. Naturally, rail is not the solution to everything, but careful long-term planning can offer substantial relief.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

International logistics<\/strong> is characterised by the dominance of the standard carrying unit: the container. One might speculate that well-balanced global flows of goods imply that containers always move around goods from one point to the next. However, reality is far from that. One of the key challenges in logistics is managing of the flow of empty containers. While some empty containers sit idle at ports\u2014there were some 65,000 of them at the Port of Los Angeles recently\u2014and other waiting areas, shippers elsewhere are scrambling to find empty containers to ship their goods to their customers. It is much more profitable to ship loaded containers, but the run to move goods amplifies the severity of the challenge as trucks and vessels avoid wasting time handling empty containers and would rather head to the next customer with good to ship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As a solution to ease the situation<\/strong>, a pooling mechanism for better rotation of containers needs to be developed. They can be regional pools between companies (some receiving containers, some sending containers), and global pools between large shipping companies. This will require the coordination of many players in this industry, which will be challenging. Hence, alternatives such as investing in collapsible containers should be considered. The technology exists and it is estimated to save up to 57% of inland transportation costs, but firms are reluctant to embrace it given its higher investment price. Further, operators need to find the right balance between collapsible containers and regular ones: to make it affordable, one needs several collapsible containers to go the same way.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This series was originally published in <\/i>.<\/i>Delano<\/i><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\u00a9 University of Luxembourg<\/h5>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Shortages, delays, empty shelves, higher prices, stockpiling. The supply chain problems are mounting since the beginning of the pandemic and the effects are felt by almost every sector of the economy. Construction for instance was severely affected by drastic shortages of materials coupled with high steel and wood prices. The automotive sector still cannot deliver cars due to sustained chips shortages. This is a good time to reflect on what happened on current state of events.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":335,"featured_media":6083,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"featured_image_focal_point":[],"show_featured_caption":false,"ulux_newsletter_groups":"","uluxPostTitle":"","uluxPrePostTitle":"","_trash_the_other_posts":false,"_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_tribe_ticket_capacity":"0","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false},"news-category":[4,3],"news-topic":[11],"organisation":[101,226],"authorship":[335],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWhere is my stuff? 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Supply chains in turbulent times II"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fdef-en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fdef-en\/","name":"FDEF","description":"Faculty of Law, Economics and Finance I Uni.lu","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fdef-en\/#organization"},"alternateName":"Faculty of Law, Economics and Finance I University of Luxembourg","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fdef-en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fdef-en\/#organization","name":"FDEF - University of Luxembourg I Uni.lu","alternateName":"Faculty of Law, Economics and Finance","url":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fdef-en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fdef-en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2026\/03\/03111918\/FDEF_SM-Profile_1600x1600px-scaled.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2026\/03\/03111918\/FDEF_SM-Profile_1600x1600px-scaled.jpg","width":2560,"height":2560,"caption":"FDEF - University of Luxembourg I Uni.lu"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fdef-en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/uni.FDEF.lu","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/showcase\/fdef-uni-lu\/"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fdef-en\/#\/schema\/person\/0d4d61892313f40f3b9bb798f407531b","name":"valentinadelgaudio","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fdef-en\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/be0650afbd68aa0abc872863d8291dc1?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/be0650afbd68aa0abc872863d8291dc1?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"valentinadelgaudio"}}]}},"blog_id":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fdef-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news\/18589"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fdef-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fdef-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/news"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fdef-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/335"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fdef-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news\/18589\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18590,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fdef-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news\/18589\/revisions\/18590"}],"wp:authorship":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fdef-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/335"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fdef-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6083"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fdef-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18589"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"news-category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fdef-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news-category?post=18589"},{"taxonomy":"news-topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fdef-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/news-topic?post=18589"},{"taxonomy":"organisation","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/fdef-en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/organisation?post=18589"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}