{"id":7894,"date":"2018-05-08T07:08:05","date_gmt":"2018-05-08T05:08:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/articles\/steel-and-iron-corpornations-from-luxembourg-to-brazil-and-back-in-a-century\/"},"modified":"2025-03-26T15:12:32","modified_gmt":"2025-03-26T14:12:32","slug":"steel-and-iron-corpornations-from-luxembourg-to-brazil-and-back-in-a-century","status":"publish","type":"articles","link":"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/c2dh-en\/articles\/steel-and-iron-corpornations-from-luxembourg-to-brazil-and-back-in-a-century\/","title":{"rendered":"Steel and iron corpornations: from Luxembourg to Brazil and back in a century"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"wp-block-unilux-blocks-free-section section\"><div class=\"container xl:max-w-screen-xl\">\n<p><strong>A sneak peek at my upcoming PhD thesis.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ARBED (Aci\u00e9ries r\u00e9unies de Burbach-Eich-Dudelange), a steel conglomerate established in 1911, rapidly became the embodiment of Luxembourg\u2019s economic and social prosperity at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1921, ten years after the conglomerate was founded, ARBED\u2019s leaders established a subsidiary company, the Companhia Sider\u00fargica Belgo-Mineira, in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. Belgo-Mineira rapidly became the largest steel producer in Latin America but its history in Luxembourg remains largely unknown.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Almost a century later, Luxembourg\u2019s Minister of Foreign and European affairs, Jean Asselborn, officially inaugurated the Luxembourg Embassy in Bras\u00edlia, the federal capital of Brazil, on 1 March 2018. Asselborn commented that the inauguration of the Embassy, the first of its kind on the Latin American continent, not only highlighted the tenacious diplomatic ties between the two countries but also demonstrated the \u201csolid and strong relationship between our two nations\u201d.Jean Asselborn at the inauguration of the Luxembourg Embassy in Bras\u00edlia. \u201cL\u00ebtzebuerger Ambassade a S\u00fcdamerika ageweit\u201d, RTL, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.rtl.lu\/letzebuerg\/archiv\/1143169.html\">http:\/\/www.rtl.lu\/letzebuerg\/archiv\/1143169.html<\/a> (accessed 5 March 2018). Asselborn pointed out that this relationship was partly established a century ago, through the creation of ARBED\u2019s subsidiary iron-producing company, the Companhia Sider\u00fargica Belgo-Mineira:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I also see among us the descendants of Luxembourg engineers and technicians, who brought their expertise and helped build Brazil\u2019s steel industry, thereby contributing to this country\u2019s economic development, from the 1920s. Indeed, Luxembourg\u2019s steel giant ARBED, now ArcelorMittal, has from those early days been a great investor in Belgomineira, which has become a major player in Latin America under Luxembourg leadership.Ibid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"alignfull wp-block-unilux-blocks-gallery-carousel\">\n    <div class=\"swiper swiper-gallery\" aria-roledescription=\"carousel\" aria-label=\"A gallery of images\">\n        <!-- Swiper button Next & Prev -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-nav\">\n            <div class=\"swiper-nav__container\">\n                <div class=\"swiper-nav__grid\">\n                    <button type=\"button\" class=\"swiper-button-next\">\n                        <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--arrow-right \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-right\"><\/use><\/svg>                    <\/button>\n                    <button type=\"button\" class=\"swiper-button-prev\">\n                        <svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" class=\"icon icon-outline icon--arrow-left \"><use xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/themes\/unilux-theme\/assets\/images\/icons\/icons-outline.svg#icon--arrow-left\"><\/use><\/svg>                    <\/button>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <!-- swiper slides -->\n        <ul class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n            \n<li class=\"swiper-slide\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\">\n    <figure class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image swiper-slide__bg object-fit--contain\">\n    \n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-image unilux-custom-image-block\"\n                alt=\"\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2025\/03\/rolling_mill_operators.jpg\"\n                    style=\"object-position: 50.00% 50.00%; font-family: &quot;object-fit: contain; object-position: 50.00% 50.00%;&quot;; aspect-ratio: 16\/9; object-fit: contain; width: 100%;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n\/>            <p class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image-caption\">\n            Rolling mill operators at Belgo-Mineira, Sabar\u00e1, Brazil, 23 December 1930. Photographer: Igino Bonfioli, Belo Horizonte. Centro de Mem\u00f3ria da ArcelorMittal Brasil, Sabar\u00e1.        <\/p>\n    <\/figure><\/li>        <\/ul>\n\n        <!-- Swiper pagination -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-pagination\">\n            <div class=\"swiper-pagination__bullets\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n<p>Indeed, Luxembourg\u2019s role in the development of the Brazilian steel industry might be the country\u2019s most significant achievement outside Europe in the first half of the 20th century, although it is still largely neglected in European research. While academics have not tended to focus on Belgo-Mineira, other figures have pondered on the links between the two countries: Marc Andr\u00e9 Meyers, a Brazilian author of Luxembourg origin, explored the imaginary and fictional connections between Luxembourg and Brazil in his novel \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wort.lu\/fr\/culture\/marc-andre-meyers-publie-d-amour-et-d-acier-si-l-arbed-m-etait-conte-5502e6870c88b46a8ce55557\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">D\u2019amour et d\u2019acier<\/a>\u201d, published three years ago. Meyers\u2019 novel was the last published work about Belgo-Mineira in Luxembourg. My own objective, therefore, is to fill this gap in academic contributions about the history of Luxembourg\u2019s expansion to Brazil and its underlying after-effects.As well as my own work, it is worth mentioning the recently initiated PhD project \u201cIntertwined destinies, strengthened ties: Migration paths from Luxembourg to Brazil (1920-1965)\u201d&nbsp;by Dominique Santana, a PhD candidate at the C\u00b2DH, which focuses on Luxembourg emigration to Brazil and the role of Belgo-Mineira in that emigration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One might wonder how I came to work on this project in the first place. In the autumn of 2015, which also marked the end of my first year as a PhD candidate, as our FAMOSO-2 project was further unfolding, I started to read about ARBED\u2019s global expansion.FNR-funded projects Fabricating modern societies: Industries of reform as educational responses to societal challenges (FAMOSO and FAMOSO-2), Karin Priem (PI). I knew that ARBED had set up a subsidiary company in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, but other than that I could not find any more detailed information. Curiosity, seasoned with a dose of intrigue and a desire to find out whether Belgo-Mineira was as influential in Minas Gerais as ARBED was in Luxembourg, coincided with the \u201csemester abroad\u201d programme created by the University of Luxembourg\u2019s Doctoral School, taking me 10,000 kilometres away from the Belval office, all the way to Brazil. The initial plan was to learn how Brazilian scholars write history, work my way through my host university and at the same time find out some more information about Belgo-Mineira. \u201cIt could be a good paper,\u201d I thought.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Less than a month into my Brazilian adventure, I discovered a historian\u2019s treasure trove: an entire archive dedicated to the history of Belgo-Mineira. The archive, now named \u201cCentro de Memoria da ArcelorMittal Brasil\u201d, was set up in the colonial city of Sabar\u00e1, in Minas Gerais. The archive was compiled in the year 2000 with the aim of disseminating knowledge about the development of Belgo-Mineira, preserving locally produced knowledge and providing access to information.\u201cMemoria Belgo. Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Belgo \u2013 Grupo Arcelor, 2006.\u201d Centro de Mem\u00f3ria da ArcelorMittal Brasil. Thanks to the very helpful historian and archivist Isabella Menezes, I was able to collect a substantial amount of textual and audiovisual material, and I came back to Luxembourg with six kilograms of extra weight in my luggage and several gigabytes added to my hard drive. Excited about my new discoveries and impressed by the extent of Belgo-Mineira\u2019s economic and social activities, I knew that I could no longer transform all the information into a single paper. Instead, I expanded the focus of my thesis from ARBED\u2019s social initiatives in Luxembourg to its social involvement in Brazil. Once I got stuck into my research about Belgo-Mineira, I realised that part of the picture was missing: the only documents I had belonged to the archive provided by the company itself. I was determined to find other primary sources. In the Luxembourg National Archives, as I discovered very early on in my research, documents about Belgo-Mineira are very scarce, so it was necessary to look elsewhere. After extensive internet browsing, I finally came across the Juiz de Fora University Archives, compiled by Professor Galba Di Mambro, who kindly granted me access to all the documents he had collected decades ago. I am immensely grateful for his kind help and interest in my research and happy that we are still in touch and exchanging thoughts and opinions. Professor Di Mambro himself started researching Belgo-Mineira in the early 1980s. For this reason, he travelled to Luxembourg and managed to gather a significant number of documents extending as far back as the early 1920s. To my knowledge, many of these Luxembourg documents, or more accurately their copies, only exist in the Juiz de Fora Archive which Di Mambro carefully categorised and stored. We might give a little thought here to the curious trajectory of these documents, which travelled to Brazil, disappeared from Luxembourg, were difficult to trace and have finally come back to their country of origin several decades later. It could be a study of circulations, connections and flows on its own, as Saunier explained so well in his <em>Transnational history<\/em>.See Pierre-Yves Saunier. <em>Transnational history<\/em> (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013). In my study, Di Mambro\u2019s archive, in combination with the documents from Centro de Memoria in Sabar\u00e1, numerous visual sources such as photographs and films, interviews and newspaper articles, opened an entire universe of information to be explored. My concept of corpornation was born and my PhD project is now taking its final shape under the following title:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-unilux-blocks-heading\"    >\nSteel and Iron Corpornations and the Emergence of Modern Welfare in Luxembourg and Minas Gerais (c. 1910-1960)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>So how did Luxembourg\u2019s steel industry expand to Brazil and what changes occurred with that expansion? What do I mean by \u201ccorpornation\u201d?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Luxembourg\u2019s exit from the economic union with Germany, the <em>Zollverein<\/em>, in 1918 put the country\u2019s industrialists in a difficult position in the post-war years. While Luxembourg tried to open up new export markets by launching a sales company called Columeta (Comptoir Luxembourgeois de M\u00e9tallurgie) in 1920, it still largely depended on exports to Germany.Wolfram Kaiser and Johan Schot. <em>Writing the Rules for Europe: Experts, Cartels, and International Organizations<\/em> (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 193. Columeta was founded by ARBED and Terres Rouges in 1920 and later renamed \u201cTrade Arbed\u201d in the mid-1970s. Since Luxembourg could no longer place its steel products on the German market, the two founders of Luxembourg\u2019s biggest steel conglomerate ARBED, \u00c9mile Mayrisch (1862\u20131928) and Gaston Barbanson (1876\u20131946), began to search for new export markets. Two markets turned out to be favourable for ARBED\u2019s expansion: India and Japan in Asia, and Argentina and Brazil in Latin America. \u00c9mile Mayrisch and Gaston Barbanson therefore decided, as early as 1920, to explore the possibilities of establishing a subsidiary company in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. As well as the fact that this state had an abundance of high-quality resources, the political representatives of Minas Gerais and Brazil were strong proponents of industrial development. These two factors simplified ARBED\u2019s expansion to Brazil. The existence of a small steel company called Companhia Sider\u00fargica Mineira further facilitated the establishment of ARBED\u2019s subsidiary, and by significantly increasing the capital of the existing company, Companhia Sider\u00fargica Belgo-Mineira was established on 11 December 1921 in the city of Sabar\u00e1, in Minas Gerais. While ARBED\u2019s leaders had a clear initial idea of how to develop the iron and steel industry in Brazil, namely to increase production in Sabar\u00e1 until a new, modern steel plant could be built from scratch in the town of Jo\u00e3o Monlevade, they did not expect to be confronted with so many difficulties. The soil in Minas Gerais was rich in iron, but the human and technical support was almost non-existent. Moreover, Brazilian engineers had no knowledge or equipment to mine the iron ore, and Brazil also lacked a qualified workforce. The initial difficulties were so substantial that the company stopped production from September 1926 to July 1927.\u201cR\u00e9union des membres r\u00e9sidant en Europe du Conseil G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la Companhia Sider\u00fargica Belgo-Mineira 22.12.1926\u201d, ACUFJF\/BR MG UFJFAC CT009-05. The first six years of Luxembourg-Brazilian cooperation were therefore a source of much concern and led ARBED to question its initial enthusiasm about its transatlantic expansion. But ARBED did not give up. In December 1927, the company sent one of its most skilled engineers, Louis Jacques Ensch (1895\u20131953), to Sabar\u00e1. As chief engineer, Ensch was put in charge of Belgo-Mineira\u2019s administrative and manufacturing departments. Less than a year after Ensch\u2019s arrival at Belgo-Mineira, the company\u2019s situation significantly improved: new directors were appointed, good quality products were sold at remunerative prices, and the company was making constant profits. Expressing a strong belief in the company\u2019s bright future, Barbanson declared that Belgo-Mineira had \u201cturned the corner\u201d.\u201cProc\u00e8s-Verbal de la r\u00e9union du 5 septembre 1928 des Administrateurs de la Companhia Sider\u00fargica Belgo-Mineira, r\u00e9sidant en Europe\u201d, ACUFJF\/BR MG UFJFAC CT009-05. Conveniently, Louis Ensch, who was a shrewd businessman, established significant connections with Brazil\u2019s President Get\u00falio Vargas, who further helped Belgo-Mineira\u2019s expansion by granting significant government advantages or boosting existing benefits (e.g. tax exemptions, government loans and railway construction), and the Jo\u00e3o Monlevade factory could finally be constructed.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image  object-fit--cover\">\n    \n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-image unilux-custom-image-block\"\n                alt=\"Louis Ensch and Get\u00falio Vargas looking at a model of the Jo\u00e3o Monlevade plant, 31 August 1935. Fotograf\u00edas da inaugura\u00e7\u00e3o do trecho ferrovi\u00e1rio Santa B\u00e1rbara \u2013 S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 da Lagoa (Nova Era) 1935. ACUFJF\/BR MG UFJFAC CT009-04.\"\n            src=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2018\/05\/Ensch-Vargas.jpg\"\n                srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2018\/05\/Ensch-Vargas-234x300.jpg 234w, https:\/\/www.uni.lu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2018\/05\/Ensch-Vargas.jpg 527w\"\n                style=\"object-position: 50.00% 50.00%; font-family: &quot;object-fit: cover; object-position: 50.00% 50.00%;&quot;; aspect-ratio: 3\/4; object-fit: cover; width: 75%;\"\n        loading=\"lazy\"\n\/>            <p class=\"wp-block-dev4-reusable-blocks-image-caption\">\n            Louis Ensch and Get\u00falio Vargas looking at a model of the Jo\u00e3o Monlevade plant, 31 August 1935. Fotograf\u00edas da inaugura\u00e7\u00e3o do trecho ferrovi\u00e1rio Santa B\u00e1rbara \u2013 S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 da Lagoa (Nova Era) 1935. ACUFJF\/BR MG UFJFAC CT009-04.        <\/p>\n    <\/figure>\n\n\n<p>On 31 August 1935, the founding stone was laid for the Jo\u00e3o Monlevade plant, named \u201cUsina Barbanson\u201d, at a ceremony attended by Brazilian President Get\u00falio Vargas, Gaston Barbanson and many other influential industrialists and politicians, marking a key date and a new phase in the history of steel production in Brazil.See Fran\u00e7ois Moyen.<em> A hist\u00f3ria da Companhia Sider\u00fargica Belgo-Mineira. Uma trajetoria de crescimento consistente (1921\u20132005)<\/em> (Belo Horizonte: Acelor Brasil S\/A, 2007<em>, <\/em>51). Within a seven-year period, from 1937 to 1944, Belgo-Mineira built four blast furnaces and spawned an entire city.The blast furnaces were named after the key figures that had helped Belgo-Mineira: Get\u00falio Vargas, Governor Valadares, Prince Jean of Luxembourg and Dom Helvecio. See also \u201cJubileu de Ouro da C.S.B.M,\u201d<em> Atualidades do Vale do Piracicaba<\/em>, no. 150, 1971. The mountainous and wild nature of Jo\u00e3o Monlevade was soon transformed into an urban area designed to meet the needs of the company. While this sounds like a simple success story, however, it is important to adopt a critical approach and understand the process that led Belgo-Mineira towards becoming a Latin American steel giant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At the beginning of their Brazilian operations, Luxembourg\u2019s engineers could draw on a substantial workforce, and they presumed that the <em>mineiros<\/em> would be eager to work for a new and promising industry which would pave the way for the modernisation of Brazil. For the <em>mineiros<\/em>, however, work in heavy industry was unattractive because the city and the company did not have much to offer in terms of basic living conditions. But Luxembourg\u2019s engineers had already witnessed similar problems in their homeland and therefore already knew how to resolve the issue, while adapting to the Brazilian context. In Luxembourg, ARBED created an enormous amount of work that attracted workers, facilitated their living conditions and eventually forged an attachment and significant dedication to the company.These initiatives are also described in articles by current and previous FAMOSO members. See for example: Priem, Karin, and Geert Thyssen. \u201cFragmented Utopia: Luxembourgian Industrialists, Intellectual Networks and Social-Educational Reforms between Tradition and Avant-Garde.\u201d <em>Jahrbuch fu\u0308r Historische Bildungsforschung<\/em> 19 (2013): 106\u201326.; Thyssen, Geert. \u201cEngineered Communities? Industry, Open-Air Schools, and Imaginaries of Belonging (c. 1913\u20131963).\u201d <em>History of Education &amp; Children\u2019s Literature<\/em> 10, no. 2 (2015): 297\u2013320.; Irma Hadzalic, \u201cSick and Weak But Made of Steel: Luxembourgian Open-Air Schools and Other Responses to the Spread of Tuberculosis at the Beginning of the 20th Century,\u201d <em>Revista de Hist\u00f3ria e Historiografia da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o<\/em> 1, no. 1 (2017): 44\u201364.; Herman, Frederik. \u201cForging Harmony in the Social Organism: Industry and the Power of Psychometric Techniques.\u201d <em>History of Education<\/em> 43, no. 5 (2014): 592\u2013614.; Herman, Frederik, and Ira Plein. \u201cEnvisioning the Industrial Present: Pathways of Cultural Learning in Luxembourg (1880s\u20131920s).\u201d <em>Paedagogica Hist\u00f3rica<\/em> 53, no. 3 (2017): 268-284.; Herman, Frederik, Karin Priem, and Geert Thyssen. \u201cBody_Machine? Encounters of the Human and the Mechanical in Education, Industry and Science.\u201d <em>History of Education <\/em>(forthcoming). Novella, Enric. \u201cGerms, Bodies, and Selves: Tuberculosis, Social Government, and the Promotion of Health-Conscious Behavior in the Early Twentieth Century\u201d (forthcoming). With this experience in mind, the engineers sent from Luxembourg to Brazil understood that their company\u2019s success depended on the possibility of settling workers near their production centres and on workers\u2019 dedication to the company. For this reason, inspired by ARBED\u2019s social involvement in Luxembourg, Belgo-Mineira created a huge number of social initiatives which served as means of attracting, controlling and disciplining its workforce. Housing solutions, for example, were physical manifestations of the company\u2019s idea of a hierarchical society; educational institutions, often led by religious leaders, served as a means of forging a \u201cmorally elevated\u201d future workforce that would in return generate harmonious conditions within Belgo-Mineira\u2019s industrial centres; and numerous health and recreational activities further focused on \u201cphysical, mental and moral\u201d education and on improving the relationships between company\u2019s (authoritarian) leaders and their workers. By introducing social initiatives and constantly controlling all aspects of workers\u2019 lives, Belgo-Mineira not only provided basic living infrastructures for its workers; it went so far as to gradually create a specific kind of society formed exclusively by and for the company \u2013 the \u201ccorpornation\u201d. Belgo-Mineira\u2019s corpornation acted as an autonomous and coherent organisation. The corpornation had leaders, hierarchical structures, infrastructure solutions, geographical limits, rules and regulations. But its most distinctive trait was discipline. Through discipline, the company\u2019s leaders could preserve the autonomy of the society they were gradually creating. They took measures to prevent disturbances and disruptions, and if these did occur, their perpetrators would be excluded from the community. What distinguished the corpornation from the rest of society, at least in the immediate proximity, was that here the entire society was created and controlled by and used for the needs of a single company and its leaders. In this way, the corpornation became a process of constant creation and recreation, depending on the company\u2019s needs. Established as such, the corpornation generated a specific kind of worker that was fully identified with the company and characterised by obedience, discipline, dedication and even pride. The traits of a corpornation are obviously more complex than this brief description, and my upcoming thesis will attempt to develop them in detail. Drawing on a transnational perspective, which \u201cacknowledges and assesses foreign contributions to the design, discussion and implementation of domestic features within communities, polities and societies; and vice versa the projection of domestic features into the foreign\u201d, my research will connect ideas of social welfare in Luxembourg and Brazil, while carefully analysing the processes, methods, technologies and goals of the social initiatives implemented in both countries.Saunier, <em>Transnational history<\/em>, 3 In short, the goal of this research is to historicise the context in which Luxembourg\u2019s steel industry expanded to Brazil and acknowledge the considerable role played by Luxembourgish engineers in the development of Brazil\u2019s economy, while critically analysing the process of creating a specific kind of society along with the creation of the company. Hence this research will attempt to deconstruct the narrative of pure Luxembourgish philanthropy in Brazil, while bringing the connection between the two countries back to Luxembourg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-unilux-blocks-heading\"    >\nAuthor(s)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"ulux-list\">\n<li class=\"ulux-list-item\">Irma Had\u017eali\u0107<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A sneak peek at my upcoming PhD thesis.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7729,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"featured_image_focal_point":[],"show_featured_caption":false,"ulux_newsletter_groups":"","uluxPostTitle":"","uluxPrePostTitle":"","_trash_the_other_posts":false,"_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_tribe_ticket_capacity":"0","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false},"articles-category":[],"articles-topic":[398,439,397,389],"organisation":[221],"authorship":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v22.3 (Yoast SEO v22.3) - 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